Bioremediation is the technological process whereby biological systems are harnessed to effect the clean-up of environmental pollutants. Currently, microbial systems are most widely employed in bioremediation programmes, generally in the treatment of soils and waters contaminated with organic pollutants. Micro-organisms have a huge metabolic repertoire that enables them to degrade a panoply of organic pollutants and in many cases the complex biochemistry and molecular biology of the catabolic pathways involved have been unravelled (e.g. Gibson, 1984; Frantz et al., 1987; Evans & Fuchs, 1988; Burlage et al., 1989; Abramowicz, 1990; Assinder & Williams, 1990; Chaudhry & Chapalamadugu, 1991; Cerniglia, 1992; Knackmuss, 1996). Despite valuable basic knowledge on the mechanisms of pollutant bio-degradation, bioremediation has yet to be accepted as a routine treatment technology and the environmental industry is wary of applying bioremediation for the treatment of contaminated sites.
AggarwalP.K.,
FullerM.E.,
GurgasM.M.,
ManningJ.F.,
DillonM.A.1997; Use of stable isotope analyses for monitoring the pathways and rates of intrinsic and enhanced in situbiodegradation.. Environ Sci Technol 31:590–596
ApajalahtiJ.H.A.,
Salkinoja-SalonenM.S.1987; Dechlorination and para-hydroxylation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus.. J Bacteriol 169:675–681
AronsteinB.N.,
CalvilloY.M.,
AlexanderM.1991; Effect of surfactants at low concentrations on the desorption and biodegradation of sorbed aromatic compounds in soil.. Environ Sci Technol 25:1728–1731
BachmannA.,
de BruinW.,
JumeletJ.C.,
RijnaartsH.H.N.,
ZehnderA.J.B.1988; Aerobic mineralization of alpha-hexa-chlorocyclohexane in contaminated soil.. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:548–554
BedardD.L.,
MayR.J.1996; Characterization of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediments of Woods Pond - evidence for microbial dechlorination of Aroclor 1260.. Environ Sci Technol 30:237–245
BedardD.L.,
BunnellS.C.,
SmullenL.A.1996; Stimulation of para-dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls that have persisted in Housatonic River sediments for decades.. Environ Sci Technol 30:687–694
BellerH.R.,
DingW.-H.,
ReinhardM.1995; Byproducts of anaerobic alkylbenzene metabolism useful as indicators of in situbioremediation.. Environ Sci Technol 29:2864–2870
BeurskensJ.E.M.,
DekkerC.G.C.,
JonkhoffJ.,
BontstraL.1993; Microbial dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene in a sedimentation area of the Rhine river.. Biogeochemistry 19:61–81
BoganB.W.,
SchoenikeB.,
LamarR.T.,
CullenD.1996; Manganese peroxidase mRNA and enzyme activity levels during bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with Phanerochaete chrysosporium.. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2381–2386
BosmaT.N.P.,
MiddeldropP.J.M.,
SchraaG.,
ZehnderA.J.B.1997; Mass transfer limitation of biotransformation: quantifying bioavailability.. Environ Sci Technol 31:248–252
BouillotP.,
CanalesA.,
PareilleuxA.,
HuyardA.,
GomaG.J.1990; Membrane bioreactors for the evaluation of maintenance phenomena in waste-water treatment.. J Ferment Bioeng 69:178–183
CarmichaelL.M.,
ChristmanR.F.,
PfaenderF.K.1997; Desorption and mineralization kinetics of phenanthrene and chrysene in contaminated soils.. Environ Sci Technol 31:126–132
CarrollK.M.,
HarknessM.R.,
BraccoA.A.,
BalcarcelR.R.1994; Application of a permeant polymer diffusional model to the desorption of polychlorinated-biphenyls from Hudson River sediments.. Environ Sci Technol 28:253–258
ChapelleF.H.,
MorrisJ.T.,
McMahonP.B.,
ZeliborJ.L.Jr1988; Bacterial metabolism and the δ13C composition of ground water, Floridian aquifer system, South Carolina.. Geology 16:117–121
CornelissenG.,
van NoortP.C.M.,
ParsonsJ.R.,
GoversH.A.J.1997; Temperature dependence of slow adsorption and desorption kinetics of organic compounds in sediments.. Environ Sci Technol 31:454–460
DoelmanP.L.,
HaanstraH.,
LoonenH.,
VosA.1990; Decomposition of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane and beta-hexa-chlorocyclohexane in soil under field conditions in a temperate climate.. Soil Biol Biochem 22:629–639
EfroymsonR.A.,
AlexanderM.1991; Biodegradation by an Arthrobacter species, of hydrocarbons partitioned into an organic solvent.. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:1441–1447
ErbR.W.,
Wagner-DobblerI.1993; Detection of polychlorinated biphenyl degradation genes in polluted sediments by direct DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction.. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:4065–4073
EvansP.J.,
LingW.,
GoldschmidtB.,
RitterE.R.,
YoungL.Y.1992; Metabolites formed during anaerobic transformation of toluene and ortho-xylene and their proposed relationship to the initial steps of toluene mineralization.. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:496–501
FayadN.M.,
EdoraR.L.,
El-MubarakA.H.,
PolancosA.B.1992; Effectiveness of a bioremediation product in degrading the oil spilled in the 1991 Arabian Gulf war.. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49:787–796
FlemingS.T.,
SanseverinoJ.,
SaylerG.S.1993; Quantitative relationship between naphthalene catabolic gene-frequency and expression in predicting PAH degradation in soils at town gas manufacturing sites.. Environ Sci Technol 27:1068–1074
HarknessM.R.,
McDermottJ.B.,
AbramowiczD.A.
16 other authors 1993; In situ stimulation of aerobic PCB biodegradation in Hudson River sediments.. Science 259:503–507
HeitzerA.,
WebbO.F.,
ThonnardJ.E.,
SaylerG.S.1992; Specific and quantitative assessment of naphthalene and salicylate bioavailability by using a bioluminescent catabolic reporter bacterium.. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:1839–1846
HeitzerA.,
MalachowskyK.,
ThonnardJ.E.,
BienkowskiP.R.,
WhiteD.C.,
SaylerG.S.1994; Optical biosensor for environmental on-line monitoring of naphthalene and salicylate bioavailability with an immobilized bioluminescent catabolic reporter bacterium.. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1487–1494
HunterM.A.,
KanA.T.,
TomsonM.B.1996; Development of a surrogate sediment to study the mechanisms responsible for adsorption/desorption hysteresis.. Environ Sci Technol 30:2278–2285
JacksonA.W.,
PardueJ.H.,
AraujoR.A.1996; Monitoring of crude oil mineralization in salt marshes: use of stable carbon isotope ratios.. Environ Sci Technol 30:1139–1144
JaspersC.,
EwbankG.,
McCarthyA.J.,
PenninckxM.J.1997; Cattle manure compost for bioremediation of pentachlorophenol in contaminated soil and wood material. The metabolic fate of the xenobiotic.. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology pp. 1–4VerachtertH.,
VerstraeteW.
Edited by Antwerp:: Technologisch Institut Antwerpen.;
KastnerM.1991; Reductive dechlorination of tri- and tetra- chloroethylenes depends on transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions.. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2039–2046
KelseyJ.W.,
KottlerB.D.,
AlexanderM.1997; Selective chemical extractants to predict bioavailability of soil-aged organic chemicals.. Environ Sci Technol 31:214–217
KnaebelD.B.,
FederleT.W.,
McAvoyD.C.,
VestalJ.R.1994; Effect of mineral and organic soil constituents on microbial mineralization of organic compounds in a natural soil.. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:4500–4508
LaineM.M.,
JørgensenK.S.1996; Straw compost and bioremediated soil as iriocula for bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated soil.. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:1507–1513
LamarR.T.,
SchoenikeB.,
Van den WyemelenbergA.,
StewartP.,
DietrichD.M.,
CullenD.1995; Quantitation of fungal mRNAs in complex substrates by reverse transcription PCR and its application to Phanerochaete chrysosporium-colonized soil.. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2122–2126
LandmeyerJ.E.,
VrobleskyD.A.,
ChapelleF.H.1996; Stable carbon isotope evidence of biodegradation zonation in a shallow jet-fuel contaminated aquifer.. Environ Sci Technol 30:1120–1128
Massol-DeyaA.,
WellerR.,
Rios-HernandezL.,
ZhouJ.-Z.,
HickeyR.F.,
TiedjeJ.M.1997; Succession and convergence of biofilm communities in fixed-film reactors treating aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater.. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:270–276
MundellK.M.1994The biodegradation potential of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Penicillium thornii in reducing PAH concentration in soil from a disused coal extraction plant. MSc thesis University of Newcastle.:
RijnaartsH.H.M.,
BachmannA.,
JumeletJ.C.,
ZehnderA.J.B.1990; Effect of desorption and intraparticle mass transfer on the aerobic biomineralization of σ-hexachlorocyclohexane in a contaminated calcareous soil.. Environ Sci Technol 24:1349–1354
SteinbergS.M.,
PignatelloJ.J.,
SawhneyB.L.1987; Persistence of 1,2-dibromoethane in soils-entrapment in intraparticle micropores.. Environ Sci Technol 21:1201–1208
TabakH.H.,
GaoC.,
LaiL.,
YanX.,
PfanstielS.,
KimI.S.,
GovindR.1994; Determination of bioavailability and bio-degradation kinetics of phenol and alkylphenols in soil.. Am Chem Soc Symp Series 554:51–77
TrosM.E.,
SchraaG.,
ZehnderA.J.B.1996a; Transformation of low concentrations of 3-chlorobenzoate by Pseudomonas sp. strain B13: kinetics and residual concentrations.. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:437–442
TrosM.E.,
BosmaT.N.,
SchraaG.,
ZehnderA.J.B.1996b; Measurement of minimum substrate concentrations (Smln) in a recycling fermenter and its prediction from the kinetic parameters oiPseudomonas sp. strain B13 from batch and chemostat cultures.. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:145–151