SUMMARY: Using degenerate primers of highly conserved regions of two-component response regulators for PCR amplification, a two-component response regulator was cloned from Candida albicans that is homologous to nik-l+ of Neurospora crassa. This two-component hybrid kinase, CaNIKl, also shows features of bacterial two-component response regulators, including a putative unorthodox second histidine kinase motif at the carboxy-terminal end. CaNIKl was expressed at low levels in both the white and opaque switch phenotypes and in the bud and hyphal growth forms of C. albicans strain WO-1, but in both developmental programmes, the level of transcript was modulated (levels were higher in opaque cells and in hyphae). Partial deletion of both CaNIKl alleles, by which the histidine autokinase- and ATP-binding domains were removed, did not inhibit either high-frequency phenotypic switching or the bud-hypha transition in high salt concentrations, but in both cases the efficiency of the developmental process was reduced.
AlexL.A.,
BorkovichK.A.,
SimonM.I.1996; Hyphal development in Neurospora crassa: involvement of a two-component histidine kinase.. Proc Natl Acad Set USA 93:3416–3421
BedellG.,
SoilD.R.1979; The effects of low concentration of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans: evidence for zinc resistant and zinc sensitive pathways for mycelium formation.. Infect Immun 26:348–354
BoguslawskiG.,
PolazziJ.O.1987; Complete nucleotide sequence of a gene conferring polymyxin B resistance on yeast: simlarity of the predicted polypeptide to protein kinases.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5848–5852
BrownA.J.P.,
CormackB.P.,
GowN.A.R.,
KvaalC.,
SollD.R.,
SrikanthaT.1998; Advances in molecular genetics of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.. J Med Vet My col 36:Suppl. 1230–237
DziejmanM.,
MekalanosJ.J.1995; Two-component signal transduction and its role in the expression of bacterial virulence factors.. In Two-component Signal Transduction pp. 305–317 Edited by
HochJ. A.,
SilhavyT. J.
Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology;
GroismanE.A.,
HeffranF.1995; Regulation of Salmonella virulence by two-component regulatory systems.. In Two- component Signal Transduction pp. 319–322 Edited by
HochJ. A.,
SilhavyT. J.
Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology;
HanB.,
PainA.,
JohnstoneK.1997; Spontaneous duplication of a 661 bp element within a two-component sensor regulator gene causes phenotypic switching in colonies of Pseudomonas tolaasi, cause of brown blotch disease of mushrooms.. Mol Microbiol 25:211–218
HochJ.A.1995; Control of cellular development in sporulating bacteria by the phosphorelay two-component signal transduction system.. In Two-component Signal Transduction pp. 129–144 Edited by
HochJ. A.,
SilhavyT. J.
Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology;
HrabakE.M.,
WillisD.K.1992; The lemA gene required for pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on bean is a member of a family of two-component regulators.. J Bacteriol 174:3011–3020
HulettF.M.1995; Complex phosphate regulation by sequential switches in Bacillus subtilis.. In Two-component Signal Transduction pp. 289–302 Edited by
HochJ. A.,
SilhavyT. J.
Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology;
KolotilaM.P.,
DiamondR.D.1990; Effects of neutrophils and in vitro oxidants on survival and phenotypic switching of Candida albicans WO-1.. Infect Immun 58:1174–1179
LeeK. L.,
BuckleyH.R.,
CampbellC.C.1975; An amino acid liquid synthetic medium for development of mycelial and yeast forms of Candida albicans.. Sabouraudia 13:148–153
LockhartS.,
ReedB.,
PiersonC.,
SollD.R.1996; The most frequent scenario for recurrent Candida vaginitis is strain maintenance with “substrain shuffling”: demonstrated by sequential DNA fingerprinting with probes Ca3 Cl, and CARE2.. J Clin Microbiol 34:767–777
LussierM.,
WhiteA.,
SheratonJ.16 other authors1997; Large scale identification of genes involved in cell surface biosynthesis and architecture in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Genetics 147:435–450
MorrowB.,
AndersonJ.,
WilsonJ.,
SollD.R.1989; Bidirectional stimulation of the white-opaque transition of Candida albicans by ultraviolet irradiation.. J Gen Microbiol 135:1201–1208
MorrowB.,
SrikanthaT.,
SollD.R.1992; Transcription of the gene for pepsinogen, PEP1 is regulated by white-opaque switching in Candida albicans.. Mol Cell Biol 12:2997–3005
MuhlschlegelF.A.,
FonziW.A.1997; PHR2 of Candida albicans encodes a functional homolog of the pH-regulated gene PHR1 with an inverted pattern of pH-dependent expression.. Mol Cell Biol 17:5960–5967
NagahashiS.,
MioT.,
OnoN.,
Yamada-OkabeT.,
ArisawaM.,
BusseyH.,
Yamada-OkabeH.1998; Isolation of CaSLNl and CaNIKl, the genes for osmosensing histidine kinase homologues, from the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans.. Microbiology 144:425–432
NagasawaS.,
TokishitaS.,
AibaH.,
MizunoT.1992; A novel sensor-regulator protein that belongs to the homologus family of signal transduction proteins involved in adaptive responses in Escherichia coli.. Mol Microbiol 6:799–807
NguyenM.,
PeacockJ.,
MorrisA.,
TannerD.,
NguyenM.,
SnydmanD.R.,
WagenerM.,
RinaldiM.,
YuV.1996; The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non -Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance.. Am J Med 100:617–623
PosasF.,
Wurgler-MurphyS.M.,
MaedaT.,
WittenE.A.,
ThaiT.C.,
SaitoH.1996; Yeast HOG1 MAP kinase cascade is regulated by a multistep phosphorelay mechanism in the SLN1-YPD1-SSK1 “two-component” osmosensor.. Cell 86:865–875
RamA.F.J.,
WoltersA.,
Ten HoopenR.,
KlisF.M.1994; A new approach for isolating cell wall mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by screening for hypersensitivity to calcofluor white.. Yeast 10:1019–1030
SantosM.A.,
KeithG.,
TuiteM.F.1993; Non-standard translational events in Candida albicans mediated by an unusual seryl-tRNA with a 5´-CAG-3´ (leucine) anticodon.. EMBO J 12:607–616
SaporitoI.S.,
BirseC.E.,
SypherdP.S.,
FonziW.A.1995; PHR1 a pH-regulated gene of Candida albicans, is required for morphogenesis.. Mol Cell Biol 15:601–613
SchiestlR.H.,
GietzR.D.1989; High efficiency transformation of intact yeast cells using single stranded nucleic acids as a carrier.. Curr Genet 16:339–346
ShermanF.,
FinkG.F.,
HicksJ.B.1986Laboratory Course Manual for Methods in Yeast Genetics pp. 117–119 Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
SherwoodJ.,
GowN.A.,
GoodayG.W.,
GregoryD.W.,
MarshallD.1992; Contact sensing in Candida albicans: a possible aid to epithelial penetration.. J Med Yet Mycol 30:161–169
SlutskyB.,
StaebellM.,
AndersonJ.,
RisenL.,
PfallerM.,
sollD. R.1987; “White-opaque transition”: a second high-fre-quency switching system in Candida albicans.. J Bacteriol 169:189–197
SollD.,
GalaskR.,
SchmidJ.,
HannaC.,
MacK.,
MorrowB.1991; Genetic dissimilarity of commensal strains of Candida spp. carried in different anatomical locations of the same healthy women.. J Clin Microbiol 29:1702–1710
UhlM.A.,
MillerJ.F.1996; Integration of multiple domains in a two-component sensor protein: the Bordetella pertussis BvgAS phosphorelay.. EMBO J 15:1028–1036
WelchM.,
OosawaK.,
AizawaS.,
EisenbachM.1993; Phosphorylation-dependent binding of a signal molecule to the flagellar switch of bacteria.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8787–8791
WeyS.,
MoriM.,
PfallerM.,
WoolsonR.,
WenzelR.1989; Risk factors for hospital acquired candidemia. A matched case- control study.. Arch Intern Med 149:2349–2353
WhiteT.G,
MaltbyD.,
AgabianN.1995; The “universalx201D; leucine codon CTG in the secreted aspartyl proteinase 1 (SAP1) gene of Candida albicans encodes a set in vivo.. J Bacteriol 177:2953–2955
YaoV.J.,
SpudichJ.L.1992; Primary structure of an archaebacterial transducer, a methyl-accepting protein associated with sensory rhodopsin I.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11915–11919