1887

Abstract

SUMMARY: Several criteria of normal rumen function which can be applied to studies with the whole rumen microbial population are suggested. These include: the maintenance of numbers and normal appearance of the bacteria, selenomonads and protozoa of the rumen; the maintenance of normal rates of digestion of cellulose, starch and protein, and of normal interactions between these; the ability to predict quantitative results . An ‘artificial rumen’ was constructed, consisting of a cellophan sac containing rumen liquor and substrate dialysing against a complex mineral solution whose composition was based on that found in rumen liquor, the whole being incubated at 39° in an atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. This system was shown to meet the criteria which are suggested, with reasonable success for periods of about 8 hr.; over longer periods an increasing failure to meet the biological criteria was seen. For the microbial population to remain normal in numbers and activity it was shown to be necessary to use as test substrate only substances similar to the diet fed to the animal from which the rumen liquor inoculum was taken.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-14-3-733
1956-07-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/14/3/mic-14-3-733.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-14-3-733&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Annison E. F. 1954; Some obseivations on the volatile fatty acids in the sheep’s rumen. Biochem. J. 57:400
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Annison E. F., Chalmers M. I., Marshall S.B.M., Synge R.L.M. 1954; Ruminal ammonia formation in relation to the protein requirement of sheep. III. Ruminal ammonia formation with various diets. J. agric. Sci. 44:270
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arias C., Burroughs W., Gerlaugh P., Bethke R. M. 1951; The influence of different amounts and sources of energy upon in vitro urea utilization by rumen micro-organisms. J. Anim. Sci. 10:683
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker F. 1943; Direct microscopical observations upon the rumen population of the ox. I. Qualitative characteristics of the rumen population. Ann. appl. Biol. 30:230
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bhatia B. L. 1936 The Fauna of British India. Protozoa: Ciliophora. London: Taylor & Francis;
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Brooks C. C., Garner G. B., Gehrke C. W., Muhrer M. E., Pfander W. H. 1954; The effect of added fat on the digestion of cellulose and protein by ovine rumen micro-organisms. J. Anim. Sci. 13:758
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Brooks C. C., Garner G. B., Muhrer M. E., Pfander W. H. 1954; Effect of some steroid compounds on ovine rumen function. Science 120:455
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bryant M. P., Doetsch R. N. 1954; Factors necessary for the growth of Bacteroides succinogenes in the volatile acid fraction of rumen fluid. Science 120:944
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Burroughs W., Frank N. A., Gerlaugh P., Bethke R. M. 1950; Preliminary observations upon factors influencing cellulose digestion by rumen microorganisms. J. Nutr. 40:9
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Burroughs W., Headley H. G., Bethke R. M., Gerlaugh P. 1950; Cellulose digestion in good and poor quality roughages using an artificial rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 9:513
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Burroughs W., Latona A., De Paul P., Gerlaugh P., Bethke R. M. 1951; Mineral influences upon urea utilization and cellulose digestion by rumen micro-organisms using the artificial rumen technique. J. Anim. Sci. 10:693
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Carroll E. J., Hungate R. E. 1954; The magnitude of the microbial fermentation in the bovine rumen. Appl. Microbiol. 2:204
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Chalmers M. I., Cuthbertson D. P., Synge R.L.M. 1954; Ruminal ammonia formation in relation to the protein requirement of sheep. I. Duodenal administration and heat processing as factors influencing the fate of casein supplements. J. agric. Sci. 44:254
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Chalmers M. I., Synge R.L.M. 1954; Ruminal ammonia formation in relation to the protein requirement of sheep. II. Comparison of casein and herring meal supplements. J. agric. Sci. 44:263
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Conway E. J., O’Malley E. 1942; Micro diffusion methods. Ammonia and urea using buffered absorbents (revised methods for ranges greater than 10μg. N). Biochem. J. 36:655
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gall L. S., Glaws W. L. 1951; The bacteriology of the artificial rumen. Bact. Proc. p. 20
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gray F. V., Pilgrim A. F. 1952; Fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. III. Intermediate stages in the fermentation of wheaten hay in vitro by microorganisms from the rumen. J. exp. Biol. 29:54
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Gray F. V., Pilgrim A. F., Weller R. A. 1951; Fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. I. The production of volatile fatty acids and methane during the fermentation of wheaten hay and lucerne hay in vitro by micro-organisms from the rumen. J. exp. Biol. 28:74
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Head M. J. 1953; The effect of quality and quantity of carbohydrate and protein in the ration of the sheep on the digestibility of cellulose and other constituents of the ration, with a note on the effect of adding vitamins of the B-complex on the digestibility and retention of the nutrients of a hay ration. J. agric. Sci. 43:281
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Huhtanen C. N., Gall L. S. 1952; The miniature artificial rumen and its uses. J. Anim. Sci. 11:766
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Huhtanen C. N., Rogers M. R., Gall L. S. 1950; Improved techniques for isolating and purifying rumen organisms. J. Bact. 69:17
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Huhtanen C. N., Saunders R. K., Gall L. S. 1954; Fiber digestion using the miniature artificial rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 37:328
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hungate R. E. 1942; The culture of Eudiplodinium negledum, with experiments on the digestion of cellulose. Biol. Bull., Woods Hole 83:303
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Judicial Commission 1955; Status of the generic name Selenomonas von Prowazek. Int. Bull. bact. Nom. Tax. 57
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lessel E. F., Breed R. S. 1954; Selenomonas Boskamp 1922—a genus that includes species showing an unusual type of flagellation. Bact. Rev. 18:165
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Louw J. G., Williams H. H., Maynard L. A. 1949; A new method for the study in vitro of rumen digestion. Science 110:478
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Mcanally R. A. 1943; Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep in South Africa. X. Notes on the digestion of some sugars in the rumen of sheep. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. 18:131
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Mcdonald I. W. 1952; The role of ammonia in ruminal digestion of protein. Biochem. J. 51:86
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Mcdougall E. I. 1948; Studies on ruminant saliva. I. The composition and output of sheep saliva. Biochem. J. 43:99
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Mcnaught M. L. 1951; The utilization of non-protein nitrogen in the bovine rumen. 7. A qualitative and quantitative study of the breakdown of carbohydrate which accompanies protein in bovine rumen contents during in vitro incubation. Biochem. J. 49:325
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Mcnaught M. L., Owen E. C. 1949; The iron requirements of rumen bacteria. Biochem.J. 44:xxiv
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Markham R. 1942; A steam distillation apparatus suitable for micro-Kjeldalil analysis. Biochem. J. 36:790
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Marston H. R. 1948; The fermentation of cellulose in vitro by organisms from the rumen of sheep. Biochem. J. 42:564
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mills R. C., Booth A. N., Bohstedt G., Hart E. B. 1942; The utilization of urea by ruminants as influenced by the presence of starch in the ration. J. Dairy Sci. 25:925
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Moir R. J., Masson M. J. 1952; An illustrated scheme for the microscopic identification of the rumen micro-organisms of sheep. J. Path. Bact. 64:343
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Pearson R. M., Smith J.A.B. 1943; The utilization of urea in the bovine rumen. III. Synthesis and breakdown of protein in rumen ingesta. Biochem. J. 37:153
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Phillipson A. T. 1953; Digestion of cellulose by the ruminant. In Biological Transformations of Starch and Cellulose, Symp. biochem. Soc. 11:63
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Quin J. I. 1943; Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep in South Africa. VII. Fermentation in the forestomachs of sheep. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. 18:91
    [Google Scholar]
  39. El-Shazly K. 1952; Degradation of protein in the rumen of the sheep. 1. Some volatile fatty acids, including branched chain isomers, found in vivo. Biochem. J. 51:640
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Wasserman R. H., Duncan C.W, Huffman C. F. 1952; The effect of antibiotics on in vitro cellulose digestion by rumen micro-organisms. J. Dairy Sci. 35:571
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-14-3-733
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-14-3-733
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error