RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Smith, Franzine D. A1 Harpending, Peter R. A1 Sanford, John C.YR 1992 T1 Biolistic transformation of prokaryotes: factors that affect biolistic transformation of very small cells JF Microbiology, VO 138 IS 1 SP 239 OP 248 DO https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-138-1-239 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1465-2080, AB Summary: Five bacterial species were transformed using particle gun-technology. No pretreatment of cells was necessary. Physical conditions (helium pressure, target cell distance and gap distance) and biological conditions (cell growth phase, osmoticum concentration, and cell density) were optimized for biolistic transformation of Escherichia coli and these conditions were then used to successfully transform Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia stewartii and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Transformation rates for E. coli were 104 per plate per 0·8 μg DNA. Although transformation rates for the other species were low (<102 per plate per 0·8 μg DNA), successful transformation without optimization for each species tested suggests wide utility of biolistic transformation of prokaryotes. E. coli has proven to be a useful model system to determine the effects of relative humidity, particle size and particle coating on efficiency of biolistic transformation., UL https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-138-1-239