1887

Abstract

The production of the pigments actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin by A3(2) was examined in a chemically defined medium which permits dispersed growth of the organism. The physiological controls on the production of the two pigments were markedly disparate. Actinorhodin production occurred mainly in the stationary phase of batch cultures grown with glucose and sodium nitrate as the principal carbon and nitrogen sources. In the same batch cultures, undecylprodigiosin accumulated during the exponential growth phase. The production of both pigments was sensitive to the levels of ammonium and phosphate in the medium. Actinorhodin production was exquisitely sensitive to ammonium concentration, and was completely inhibited by as little as 1 m-ammonium chloride, whereas more than 50 m-ammonium chloride was required to prevent undecylprodigiosin production. A similar, but less extreme effect was seen with phosphate: actinorhodin production was completely inhibited by 24 m-phosphate, whereas undecylprodigiosin was still formed at this high phosphate concentration. The effects of ammonium inhibition of pigmented antibiotic production were relieved by reducing the concentration of phosphate in the medium, but changing the ammonium concentration had no effect on phosphate inhibition. Thus the regulation of pigment production by these two nutrients is interrelated, with phosphate control being epistatic to that of ammonium. The results implicate a phosphorylated intermediate as a major regulator of secondary metabolite synthesis by .

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-136-11-2291
1990-11-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/136/11/mic-136-11-2291.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-136-11-2291&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Atkinson D. E. 1969; Regulation of enzyme function. Annual Review of Microbiology 23:47–68
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bibb M., Strauch E. 1990; The stringent response in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 14A: 86:
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bossinger J., Lawther R. P., Cooper T. G. 1974; Nitrogen repression of allantoin degradative enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Journal of Bacteriology 118:821–829
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Feitelson J. S., Hopwood D. A. 1983; Cloning of a Streptomyces gene for an o-methyltransferase involved in antibiotic biosynthesis. Molecular and General Genetics 190:394–398
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Feitelson J. S., Malpartida F., Hopwood D. A. 1985; Genetic and biochemical characterization of the red gene cluster of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of General Microbiology 131:2431–2441
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Feitelson J. S., Sinha A. M., Coco E. A. 1986; Molecular genetics of red biosynthesis in Streptomyces . Journal of Natural Products 49:988–994
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Gallant J. A. 1979; Stringent control in Escherichia coli . Annual Review of Genetics 13:393–415
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Harold F. M. 1966; Inorganic polyphosphates in biology; structure, metabolism and function. Bacteriological Reviews 30:772–794
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Hara O., Beppu T. 1982; Mutants blocked in streptomycin production in Streptomyces griseus-the role of a-factor. Journal of Antibiotics 35:349–358
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Hobbs G., Frazer C. M., Gardner D. C. J., Cullum J. A., Oliver S. G. 1989; Dispersed growth of Streptomyces in liquid culture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 31:272–277
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Hodgson D. A. 1982; Glucose repression of carbon source uptake and metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and its perturbation in mutants resistant to 2-deoxyglucose. Journal of General Microbiology 128:2417–2430
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Hopwood D. A. 1959; Linkage and the mechanism of recombination in Streptomyces coelicolor . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 81:887–898
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hopwood D. A. 1988; Towards an understanding of gene switching in Streptomyces, the basis of sporulation and antibiotic production. Proceedings of the Royal Society B235:121–138
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Horinouchi S., Beppu T. 1984; Production in large quantities of actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin induced by afsB in Streptomyces lividans . Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 48:2131–2133
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Malpartida F., Hopwood D. A. 1984; Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibiotic and its expression in a heterologous host. Nature; London: 309462–464
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Malpartida F., Hopwood D. A. 1986; Physical and genetic characterization of the gene for the antibiotic actinorhodin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Molecular and General Genetics 205:66–73
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Martin J. F. 1977; Control of antibiotic synthesis by phosphate. Advances in Biochemical Engineering 6:105–127
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ochi K. 1987; Metabolic initiation of differentiation and secondary metabolism by Streptomyces griseus: significance of the stringent response (ppGpp) and GTP content in relation to A-factor. Journal of Bacteriology 169:3608–3616
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Okanishi M., Suzuki K., Umezawa H. 1974; Formation and reversion of streptomycete protoplasts: cultural condition and morphological study. Journal of General Microbiology 80:389–400
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Rose A. H. 1979; Production and industrial importance of secondary products of metabolism. In Economic Microbiology 3 pp. 1–33 Rose A. H. Edited by London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Rudd B. A. M., Hopwood D. A. 1979; Genetics of actinorhodin biosynthesis by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of General Microbiology 114:35–43
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Rudd B. A. M., Hopwood D. A. 1980; A pigmented mycelial antibiotic in Streptomyces coelicolor : control by a chromosomal gene cluster. Journal of General Microbiology 119:333–340
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Silaeva S. A., Glazer V. M., Shestakov S. V., Prokofiev M. A. 1965; Nucleotides of Bacillus brevis GB cells producing and not producing gramicidin S. Biokhimya 30:947–955
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Williams R. P., Green J. A., Rappoport D. A. 1956; Studies on pigmentation of Serratia marcescens. 1. Spectral and paper chroma tographic properties of prodigiosin. Journal of Bacteriology 71:115–120
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Witney F. R., Failla M. L., Weinberg E. D. 1977; Phosphate inhibition of secondary metabolism in Serratia marcescens . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33:1042–1046
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-136-11-2291
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-136-11-2291
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error