1887

Abstract

Three-hundred-and-forty-eight strains representing the major species of terverticillate penicillia, and including representatives of other closely and distantly related species, were included in a numerical taxonomic study. One-hundred characters were derived from morphological features, physiological and biochemical activities and SEM micrographs. Strains were compared by both Gower’s coefficient and Pattern difference, and clustered using the average linkage algorithm. Thirty-seven species or species-complex clusters were recovered at approximately 70% similarity; they generally corresponded to existing taxonomic concepts. Several species were shown to contain variants or chemotypes which were often supported by differences in conidial shape and ornamentation. The use of different types of characters enabled a number of new and previously accepted species to be shown to be either variants or deteriorated examples of other species. Variation in properties both between and within species was considered, particularly in relation to strain stability.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-11-2941
1989-11-01
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/135/11/mic-135-11-2941.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-11-2941&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abe S. 1956; Studies on the classification of the Penicillia . Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 2:1–344
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anné J. 1986 (dated 1985).* Taxonomic implication of hybridisation of Penicillium protoplasts. In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 337–350 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anné J., Peberdy J. F. 1981; Characterisation of inter-species hybrids of Penicillium chrysogenumand Penicillium roquefortii by isoenzyme analysis. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77:401–408
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Biourge P. 1923; Les moisissures du groupe Penicillium Link. Cellule 33:7–331
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bridge P. D. 1985; An evaluation of some physiological and biochemical methods as an aid to the characterization of species of Penicillium subsection Fasciculata . Journal of General Microbiology 131:1887–1895
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bridge P. D., Hawksworth D. L. 1984; The API ZYM testing system as an aid to the rapid identification of Penicillium isolates. Microbiological Sciences 1:232–234
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bridge P. D., May J. W. 1984; A numerical classification of fission yeasts of the genus Schizo-saccharomyces Lindner. Journal of General Microbiology 130:1921–1932
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bridge P. D., Hawksworth D. L., Kozakiewicz Z., Onions A.H.S., Paterson R.R.M., Sackin M. J. 1986 (dated 1985).* An integrated approach to Penicillium systematics. In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 281–309 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bridge P. D., Hudson L., Kozakiewicz Z., Onions A.H.S., Paterson R.R.M. 1987; Investigation of variation in phenotype and DNA content between single-conidium isolates of single Penicillium strains. Journal of General Microbiology 133:995–1004
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bridge P. D., Hawksworth D. L., Kozakiewicz Z., Onions A.H.S., Paterson R.R.M., Sackin M. J. 1989; A reappraisal of some terverticillate penicillia using biochemical, physiological and morphological features. II. Identification. Journal of General Microbiology 135:2967–2978
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Burnett J. H. 1976 Fundamentals of Mycology,, 2nd edn.. London:: Edward Arnold.;
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Ciegler A., Fennell D. I., Sansing G. A., Detroy R. W., Bennett G. A. 1973; Mycotoxin producing strains of Penicillium viridicatum: classification into subgroups. Applied Microbiology 26:271–278
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Croft J. H. 1987; Genetic variation and evolution in Aspergillus . In Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi, pp 311–323 Rayner A. D. M., Brasier C. M., Moore D. Edited by Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Cruickshank R. H., Pitt J. I. 1987; Identification of species in Penicillium subgenus Penicillium by enzyme electrophoresis. Mycologia 79:614–620
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Davis N. D., Diener U. L., Eldridge D. W. 1966; Production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by Aspergillusflavus in a semisynthetic medium. Applied Microbiology 14:378–380
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Dierckx R. P. 1901; Un essai de revision du genre Penicillium Link. Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 25:83–88
    [Google Scholar]
  17. El-Banna A. A., Pitt J. I., Leistner L. 1987; Production of mycotoxins by Penicillium species. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 10:42–46
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Fassatiova O. 1977; A taxonomic study of Penicillium series Expansa Thom emend.Fassatiova. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Biologica 1974:283–335
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Frisvad J. C. 1981; Physiological criteria and mycotoxin production as aids in identification of common asymmetric penicillia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41:568–579
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Frisvad J. C. 1985; Creatine sucrose agar, a differential medium for mycotoxin producing terverticillate Penicillium species,. letters in Applied Microbiology 1:109–113
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Frisvad J. C. 1986 (dated 1985).* Profiles of primary and secondary metabolites of value in classification of Penicillium viridicatum and related species. In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 311–325 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Frisvad J. C., Filtenborg O. 1983; Classification of terverticillate penicillia based on profiles of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 46:1301–1310
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Frisvad J. C., Filtenborg O., Wicklow D. T. 1987; Terverticillate penicillia isolated from underground seed caches and cheek pouches of bannertailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) . Canadian Journal of Botany 65:765–773
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Gower J. C. 1966; Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 53:325–338
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Hawksworth D. L. 1986 (dated 1985).* The typification and citation of the generic name Penicillium . In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 3–7 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Jinks J. L. 1952; Heterocaryosis in wild Penicillium . Hereditary 6:77–87
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Jones D., Sackin M. J. 1980; Numerical methods in the classification and identification of bacteria with especial reference to the Enterobacteriaceae . In Microbiological Classification and Identification, pp 73–106 Goodfellow M., Board R. G. Edited by London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kendrick W. B., Proctor J. R. 1964; Computer taxonomy in the fungi imperfecti. Canadian Journal of Botany 42:65–88
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Klittich C.J.R., Correll J. C., Leslie J. F. 1988; Inheritance of sectoring frequency in Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi). Experimental Mycology 12:289–294
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kozakiewicz Z. 1989; Ornamentation types of conidia and conidiogenous structures in fasciculate Penicillium species, using scanning electron microscopy. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 99:273–293
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Lam K. S., Neway J. O., Gaucher G. M. 1988; In vitro stabilization of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase from Penicillium urticae . Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34:30–37
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Land C. J., Hult K. 1987; Mycotoxin production by some wood-associated Penicillium spp. Letters in Applied Microbiology 4:41–44
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Link H. F. 1809; Observations in ordines plantarum naturales. Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 3:1–42
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Micales J. A., Bonde M. R., Peterson G. L. 1986; The use of isozyme analysis in fungal taxonomy and genetics. Mycotaxon 27:405–449
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Minter D. W., Hawksworth D. L., Onions A.H.S., Kozakiewicz Z. 1986 (dated 1985).* Descriptive terminology of the conidogenous structures in Aspergillus and Penicillium . In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 71–87 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Mordue J.E.M., Currah R. S., Bridge P. D. 1989; An integrated approach to Rhizoctoniataxonomy: cultural, biochemical and numerical techniques. Mycological Research 92:78–90
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Mueller G. M. 1985; Numerical taxonomic analyses on Laccaria (Agaricales). Mycologia 77:121–129
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Onions A.H.S., Bridge P. D., Paterson R.R.M. 1984; Problems and prospects for the taxonomy of Penicillium . Microbiological Sciences 1:185–189
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Paterson R.R.M. 1986; Standardized one and twodimensional thin-layer chromatographic methods for the identification of secondary metabolites in Penicillium and other fungi. Journal of Chromatography 368:249–264
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Paterson R.R.M., Bridge P. D., Crosswaite M. J., Hawksworth D. L. 1989; A reappraisal of the terverticillate penicillia using biochemical, physiological and morphological features. III. An evaluation of pectinase and amylase isoenzymes for species characterization. Journal of General Microbiology 135:2979–2991
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Paterson R.R.M., King G., Bridge P. D. 1990; High resolution melting curves on DNA from 14 Penicillium strains. Mycological Research (in the Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Pitt J. I. 1973; An appraisal of identification methods for Penicillium species: novel taxonomic criteria based on temperature and water relations. Mycologia 65:1135–1157
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Pitt J. I. 1980 (dated 1979).† The Genus Penicillium and its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaro-myces. London:: Academic Press.;
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Pitt J. I. 1986 A Laboratory Guide to Common Penicillium Species. North Ryde, Australia:: CSIRO Division of Food Research.;
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Pitt J. I. 1987; Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium verrucosum, and production of ochratoxin A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53:266–269
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Pitt J. I., Hawksworth D. L. 1986 (dated 1985).* The naming of chemical variants in Penicillium and Aspergillus . In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 89–91 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Polonelli L., Castagnola M., D’Urso C., Morace G. 1986 (dated 1985).* Serological approaches for identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium species. In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 267–280 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Polonelli L., Morace G., Rosa R., Castagnola M., Frisvad J. C. 1987; Antigenic characterization of Penicillium camembertii and related common cheese contaminants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53:872–878
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Raper K. B., Thom C. 1949 A Manual of the Penicillia. Baltimore:: Williams & Wilkins.;
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Sackin M. J. 1981; Vigour and pattern as applied to multistate quantitative characters in taxonomy. Journal of General Microbiology 122:247–254
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Sackin M. J. 1985; Comparisons of classifications. In Computer-assisted Bacterial Systematics, pp Goodfellow M., Jones D., Priest F. G. Edited by London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Samson R. A., Gams W. 1984; The taxonomic situation in the hyphomycete genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 50:815–824
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Samson R. A., VanReenen-Hoekstra E. S. 1988 Introduction to Food-bome Fungi. Baam:: Centraal-bureau voor Schimmelcultures.;
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Samson R. A., Stolk A. C., Hadlok R. 1976; Revision of the subsection fasciculata of Penicilliumand some allied species. Studies in Mycology Baarn 11:1–47
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Samson R. A., Hadlok R., Stolk A. C. 1977; A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenumseries. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 43:169–175
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Seifert K. A., Samson R. A. 1986 (dated 1985).* The genus Coremium and the synnematous penicillia. In Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics, pp 143–154 Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Smith G. 1949; The effect of adding trace elements to Czapek Dox medium. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 32:280–283
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Smith D., Onions A.H.S. 1983 The Preservation and Maintenance of Living Fungi. Kew:: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.;
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Sneath P.H.A. 1979; basic program for a significance test for clusters in upgma dendrograms obtained from squared euclidean distances. Computers and Geosciences 5:127–137
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Sneath P.H.A. 1985; Future of numerical taxonomy. In Computer-assisted Bacterial Systematics, pp 415–431 Goodfellow M., Jones D., Priest F. G. Edited by London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Sneath P.H.A., Sokal R. R. 1973 Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco:: W. H.Freeman.;
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Söderström B., Frisvad J. C. 1984; Separation of closely related asymmetric penicillia by pyrolysis gas chromatography and mycotoxin production. Mycologia 76:408–419
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Storck R., Alexopoulos C. J. 1970; Deoxyribonucleic acid of fungi. Bacteriological Reviews 34:126–154
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Ström G. B. 1986; Cross-point determination of Penicillium conidia-characterization of closely related species. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 60:557–561
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Thom C. 1930 The Penicillia. London:: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.;
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Turner W. B. 1971 Fungal Metabolites. London:: Academic Press.;
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Westling R. 1911; Über die grünen Spezies der Gattung Penicillium . Arkiv für Botanik 11:1–156
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Williams S. T., Goodfellow M., Alderson G., Wellington E.M.H., Sneath P.H.A., Sackin M. J. 1983; Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. Journal of General Microbiology 129:1743–1813
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-11-2941
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-135-11-2941
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error