1887

Abstract

The mode of action of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) was studied in . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AGE against six clinical yeast isolates ranged between 0.8 and 1.6 mg ml. Scanning electron microscopy and cell leakage studies showed that garlic treatment affected the structure and integrity of the outer surface of the yeast cells. Growth of C. in the presence of AGE affected the yeast lipid in a number of ways: the total lipid content was decreased; garlic-grown yeasts had a higher level of phosphatidylserines and a lower level of phosphatidylcholines; in addition to free sterols and sterol esters, C. albicans accumulated esterified steryl glycosides; the concentration of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) increased and that of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) decreased. Oxygen consumption of AGE-treated C. albicans was also reduced. The anticandidal activity of AGE was antagonized by thiols such as L-cysteine, glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol. Interaction studies between AGE and thiols included growth antagonism, enzymic inhibition and interference of two linear zones of inhibition. All three approaches suggest that AGE exerts its effect by the oxidation of thiol groups present in the essential proteins, causing inactivation of enzymes and subsequent microbial growth inhibition.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-134-11-2917
1988-11-01
2024-12-02
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/134/11/mic-134-11-2917.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-134-11-2917&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Adetumbi M., Javor G. T., Lau B. H. S. 1986; Allium sativum (garlic) inhibits lipid synthesis by Candida albicans . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 30:499–501
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Appleton J. A., Tansey M. R. 1975; Inhibition of growth of zoopathogenic fungi by garlic extract. Mycologia 67:882–885
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnon R., Shapira E. 1967; Antibodies to papains, a selective fractionation according to inhibitory capacity. Biochemistry 6:3942–3950
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Barone F. E., Tansey M. R. 1977; Isolation, purification, identification, synthesis, and kinetics of activity of the anticandidal component of Allium sativum, and a hypothesis for its mode of action. Mycologia 69:793–825
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Block E. 1985; The chemistry of garlic and onions. Scientific American 252:114–119
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Cavillito C. J., Buck J. S., Suter C. M. 1944; Allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum. II.Determination of the chemical structure. Journal of the American Chemical Society 66:1952–1954
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chalvardjian A. 1964; Fatty acids of brown and yellow fat in rats. Biochemistry Journal 90:518–521
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chavant L., Mazliak P., Sancholle M. 1978; Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis by the mold Aspergillus ochraceus . Physiologic Vegetale 16:607–616
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Dawson R. M. C. 1984; Products of partial degradation of phospholipids. In Handbook of Chromatography. Lipids 1 p. 545 Zweig G., Sherma J., Mangold H. K. Edited by Boca Raton, Florida: CRC;
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Dittmer J. C., Lester R. L. 1964; A simple specific spray for the detection of phospholipids on thin-layer chromatograms. Journal of Lipid Research 5:126–127
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Estrabrook R. W. 1967; Mitochondrial respiratory control and the polarographic measurement of ADP :O ratios. Methods in Enzymology 10:41–47
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Folch J., Lees M., Sloane-Stanley G. H. 1957; A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226:497–509
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Ghannoum M. A., Janini G., Khamis L., Radwan S. S. 1986a; Dimorphism-associated variations in the lipid composition of Candida albicans . Journal of General Microbiology 132:2367–2375
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Ghannoum M. A., Thomson M., Bowman W., Al-Khalil S. 1986b; Mode of action of the antimicrobial compound 5-bromo-5-nitro-l,3-dioxane (Bronidox). Folia microbiologica 31:19–31
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Kabelik J. C. 1970; Antimikrobialle Eigenschaften des Knoblauchs. Pharmazie 25:266–270 (In Chemical Abstracts 73: 11795r 1970
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kates M., Paradis M. 1973; Phospholipid desaturation in Candida lipolytica as a function of temperature and growth. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry 51:184–197
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kunitz M. 1947; Crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor. II. Journal of General Physiology 30:291
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Maccacaro G. A. 1961; The assessment of the interaction between antibacterial drugs. Progress in Industrial Microbiology 3:173–210
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Mangold H. K., Malins D. C. 1960; Fractionation of fats, oils and waxes on thin layers of silicic acid. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 37:383–385
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Moore G. S., Atkins R. D. 1977; The fungicidal and fungistatic effects of an aqueous garlic extract on medically important yeast-like fungi. Mycologia 69:341–348
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Nichols B. W. 1964; Separation of plant phospholipids and glycolipids. In New Biochemical Separations. James A. T., Morris I. J. Edited by London: Van Nostrand;
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Parks L. W., Mclean-Bowen C., Taylor F. R., Hough S. 1978; Sterols in yeast subcellular fractions. Lipids 13:730–735
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Prasad G., Sharma V. D. 1980; Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) treatment against experimental candidiasis in chicks. British Veterinary Journal 136:448–451
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Prasad G., Sharma V. D., Kumar A. 1982; Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum L.) therapy against experimental dermatophytosis in rabbits. Indian Journal of Medical Research 75:465–467
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Racker E. 1955; Alcohol dehydrogenase from baker’s yeast. Methods in Enzymology 1:500
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Radwan S. S. 1978; Coupling of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography with gas chromatography for the quantitative analysis of lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids. Journal of Chromatographic Science 16:538–542
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Siakotos A. N., Rouser G. 1965; Analytical separation of nonlipid water soluble substances and gangliosides from other lipids by dextran gel column chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 42:913–919
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Stahl E. 1962 Dunnschicht Chromatographie, 2nd edn.. pp. 253–298 Berlin:: Springer.;
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Tynecka A., Gos Z. 1973; The inhibitory action of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on growth and respiration of some microorganisms. Acta microbiologica polonica 5B:51–62
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Weete J. D. 1980 Lipid Biochemistry of Fungi and Other Organisms. New York:: Plenum Press.;
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-134-11-2917
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-134-11-2917
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error