1887

Abstract

Summary: Exposure of the yeast to hypertonic solutions of non-permeating compounds resulted in cell shrinkage, without plasmolysis. The relationship between cell volume and osmolality was non-linear; between 1 and 4 there was a plateau in cell volume, with apparently a resistance to further shrinkage; beyond 4 cell volume was reduced further. The loss of viability of after hypertonic stress was directly related to the reduction in cell volume in the shrunken state. The plasma membrane is often considered to be the primary site of osmotic injury, but on resuspension from a hypertonic stress, which would have resulted in a major loss of viability, all cells were osmotically responsive. The effects of osmotic stress on mitochondrial activity and structure were investigated using the fluorescent probe rhodamine 123. The patterns of rhodamine staining were altered only after extreme stress and are assumed to be a pathological feature rather than a primary cause of injury. Changes in the ultrastructure of the cell envelope were examined by freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy. In shrunken cells the wall increased in thickness, the outer surface remained unaltered, whilst the cytoplasmic side buckled with irregular projections into the cytoplasm. On return to isotonic solutions these structural alterations were reversible, suggesting a considerable degree of plasticity of the wall. However, the rate of enzyme digestion of the wall may have been modified, indicating that changes in wall structure persist.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-132-7-2023
1986-07-01
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/132/7/mic-132-7-2023.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-132-7-2023&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bank H., Mazur P. 1973; Visualization of freezing damage. Journal of Cell Biology 57:729–742
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bullivant S., Ames A. 1966; A simple freeze-fracture replication method for electron microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology 29:435–447
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Clarke K. J., Leeson E. A. 1985; Plasmalemma structure in freezing tolerant unicellular algae. Protoplasma 129:120–126
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Corry J. E. L. 1976; The effect of sugars and polyols on the heat resistance and morphology of osmophilic yeasts. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 40:269–276
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Diamond R. J., Rose A. H. 1970; Osmotic properties of spheroplasts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at different temperatures. Journal of Bacteriology 102:311–319
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Diller K. R., Knox J. M. 1983; Automated computer analysis of cell size changes during cryomicroscope freezing: a biased trident convolution mask technique. Cryo-Letters 4:77–92
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Fuller B. J., Grout B. W., James E. R. 1984; Cell membrane surface area changes related to metabolic and osmotic behaviour in isolated rat hepatocytes after freezing and hypertonic exposure. Cryo-Letters 5:239–254
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Ghosh B. K., Montencourt B., Lampen J. O. 1973; Abnormal cell envelope ultrastructure of a Saccharomyces mutant with invertase formation resistant to hexoses. Journal of Bacteriology 116:1412–1420
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Hale L. J. 1965 Biological Laboratory Data p. 147 London: Methuen;
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Heber U., Schmitt J. M., Krause G. H., Glosson R. J., Santarius K. A. 1981; Freezing damage to thylakoid membranes in vitro and in vivo. In Effects of Low Temperatures on Biological Membranes pp. 263–284 Edited by Morris G. J., Clarke A. London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Johnson L. V., Walsh M. L., Chen L. B. 1980; Localization of mitochondria in living cells with rhodamine 123. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77:990–994
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Johnson L. V., Walsh M. L., Bockus B. J., Chen L. B. 1981; Monitoring of relative mitochondria potential in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology 88:526–536
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Kapecka M., Svoboda A., Brichta J. 1973; Effect of ‘osmotic stabilisers’ and glycerol on yeast cell envelopes. Zeitscriftfur allgemeine Mikrobiologie 13:481–487
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Koch A. L. 1984; Shrinkage of growing Escherichia coli cells by osmotic challenge. Journal of Bacteriology 159:919–924
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Kruuv J., Lepock J. R., Keith A. D. 1978; The effect of fluidity of membrane lipids on freeze-thaw survival of yeasts. Cryobiology 15:73–79
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Levin R. L., Ushiyama M., Cravalho E. G. 1979; Water permeability of yeast cells at sub-zero temperatures. Journal of Membrane Biology 46:91–124
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Mcgrath J. J. 1985; A microscope diffusion chamber for the determination of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium osmotic response of individual cells. Journal of Microscopy 139:249–265
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Marquis R. E. 1968; Salt induced contraction of bacterial cell walls. Journal of Bacteriology 95:775–781
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Mazur P., Schmidt J. 1968; Interactions of cooling velocity, temperature and warming velocity on the survival of frozen and thawed yeast. Cryobiology 5:1–17
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Meryman H. T., Williams R. J. 1985; Basic principles of freezing injury to plant cells: natural tolerance and approaches to cryopreservation.. In Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs pp. 13–47 Edited by Kartha K. K. Boca Raton: CRC Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Morris G. J. 1981; Liposomes as a model system for investigating freezing injury.. In The Effects of Low Temperatures on Biological Membranes pp. 241–262 Edited by Morris G. J., Clarke A. London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Morris G. J., Coulson G. E., Leeson E. A. 1985; Changes in the shape of mitochondria following osmotic stress to the unicellular green alga Chlamy-domonas reinhardii.. Journal of Cell Science 76:145–153
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Nakagawa Y., Tanaka K., Yanagisma N. 1983; Occurrence of plasma membrane invagination associated with sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Molecular and General Genetics 189:211–214
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Nei T. 1978; Structure and function of frozen cells: freezing patterns and post-thaw survival.. Journal of Microscopy 112:197–204
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Neidermeyer W., Parish G. R., Moor H. 1976; The elasticity of the yeast cell tonoplast related to its ultrastructure and chemical composition. 1. Induced swelling and shrinkage: a freeze-etch membrane study. Cytobiologie 13:364–374
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Neidermeyer W., Parish G. R., Moor H. 1977; Reactions of yeast cells to glycerol treatment - alterations to membrane structure and glycerol uptake. Protoplasma 92:177–193
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Rose D. 1975; Physical responses of yeast cells to osmotic shock. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 38:169–175
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Schmitt J. M., Schram M. J., Pfanz H., Coughlan S., Heber U. 1985; Damage to chloroplast membranes during dehydration and freezing. Cryobiology 22:93–104
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Schwartz G. J., Diller K. R. 1980; Volumetric changes during the thawing of yeast cells. Cryo-Letters 1:129–134
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Steponkus P. L. 1984; Role of the plasma membrane in freezing injury and cold acclimation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 35:534–548
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Taylor M. J. 1986; Physico-chemical principles of low temperature biology.. In Effects of Low Temperatures on Biological Systems Edited by Grout B. W. W., Morris G. J. London: Edward Arnold (in the Press);
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Ushiyama M., Cravalho E. G. 1979; Volumetric changes in yeast cells during freezing at constant cooling rates. Journal of Membrane Biology 46:112–124
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Wolfe J., Steponkus P. L. 1981; The stress: strain relation of the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Biochimica et biophysica acta 643:663–668
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Zimmerman U. 1978; Physics of turgor and osmoregulation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 29:121–148
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-132-7-2023
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-132-7-2023
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error