Out of 19 strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae only Escherichia coli and Citrobacter strains fermented fumarate exclusively to succinate. This fermentation was dependent on the presence of molecular hydrogen or formate. The inability of these micro-organisms to convert fumarate to succinate, acetate and CO2 correlated with their lack, or low activity, of oxaloacetate decarboxylase.
Continuous culture experiments were performed with Citrobacter freundii in minimal or complex medium with fumarate + H2 or formate, and the growth parameters were determined. From the data obtained, a Ymaxfumarate dissimilatedmax value of 10·5 ± 0·8 g dry wt per mol fumarate dissimilated was calculated. This value demonstrates that, per mol fumarate reduced, at least 0·6 ± 0·05 mol ATP is produced and subsequently used for biosynthetic purposes.
BarkerH. A.1936; On the fermentation of some dibasic C4-acids by Aerobacter aerogenes. Proceedings. Koniklijke Nederlandse akademie van weten-schappen 39:674–683
BartonL. L.,
Le GallJ. ,
PeckH. D.1970; Phosphorylation coupled to oxidation of hydrogen with fumarate in extracts of the sulfate reducing bacterium,Desulfovibrio gigas. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 41:1036–1042
BeisenherzG.,
BoltzeH.,
BücherTH.,
CzokR.,
GarbadeK. H.,
Meyer-AhrendtE.,
Pflei-dererG.1953; Diphosphofructose-Aldolase, Phosphoglyceraldehyd-Dehydrogenase, Glycero-phosphat-Dehydrogenase und Pyruvat-Kinase aus Kaninchenmuskulatur in einem Arbeitsgang. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 8b:555–577
BernhardTh.1978Molekularer Wasserstoff als Elektronendonator im anaeroben Energiestoffwechsel von Escherichia coli Ph.D. thesis University of Göttingen, F.R.G.:
BernhardTh.,
GottschalkG.1978; Cell yields of Escherichia coli during anaerobic growth on fu-marate and molecular hydrogen. Archives of Microbiology 116:235–238
DornM.,
AndreesenJ. R.,
GottschalkG.1978b; Fumarate reductase of Clostridium formicoaceticum. A peripheral membrane protein. Archives of Microbiology 119:7–11
FarmerI. S.,
JonesC. W.1976; The energetics of Escherichia coli during aerobic growth in continuous culture. European Journal of Biochemistry 67:115–122
GottschalkG.,
AndreesenJ. R.1979; Energy metabolism in anaerobes. In Microbial Biochemistry. International Review of Biochemistry21 pp. 86–115QuayleJ. R.
Edited by Baltimore: University Park Press;
GuestJ. R.1979; Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli K12 with fumarate as terminal electron acceptor. Genetic studies with menaquinone and fluoro-acetate-resistant mutants. Journal of General Microbiology 115:259–271
HellingwerfK. J.,
BolscherJ. G. M.,
KoningsW. N.1981; The electrochemical proton gradient generated by the fumarate-reductase system in Escherichia coli and its bioenergetic implications. European Journal of Biochemistry 113:369–374
JonesR. W.1980; The role of the membrane-bound hydrogenase in the energy-conserving oxidation of molecular hydrogen by Escherichia coli. Biochemical Journal 188:345–350
KrögerA.1974; Electron transport phosphorylation coupled to fumarate reduction in anaerobically grown Proteus rettgeri. Biochimica et biophysica acta 347:273–289
KrögerA.,
WinklerE.1981; Phosphorylative fumarate reduction in Vibrio succinogenes : stoichiometry of ATP synthesis. Archives of Microbiology 129:100–104
LaanbroekH. J.,
StalL. J.,
VeldkampH.1978; Utilization of hydrogen and formate by Campylobacter spec, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Archives of Microbiology 119:99–102
LondonJ.,
MeyerE. Y.1969; Malate utilization by a group D Streptococcus. Physiological properties and purification of an inducible malic enzyme. Journal of Bacteriology 98:705–711
LütgensM.,
GottschalkG.1980; Why a cosubstrate is required for anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on citrate. Journal of General Microbiology 119:63–70
MikiK.,
LinE. C. C.1975; Anaerobic energy-yielding reaction associated with transhydrogenation from glycerol-3-phosphate to fumarate by an Escherichia coli System. Journal of Bacteriology 124:1282–1287
MikiK.,
WilsonT. H.1978; Proton translocation associated with anaerobic transhydrogenation from glycerol-3-phosphate to fumarate in Escherichia coli. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 83:1570–1575
StouthamerA. H.1980; Electron transport linked phosphorylation in anaerobes. In Anaerobes and Anaerobic InfectionsGottschalkG.,
PfennigN.,
StuttgartH. Werner.
Edited by New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag;