Sporulation of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus was induced in a continuous tower fermenter by restricting growth by nutrient limitation. Shock carbon limitation produced no sporulation, but the gradual decrease of sucrose or starch supply to A. niger produced slight sporulation. Gradual nitrate limitation produced no sporulation, while a shock decrease in nitrate concentration caused heavy sporulation of both organisms. The previously unobserved morphology of the sporulating structures produced was much simplified under nitrate limitation, but similar to sub-aerial morphology under carbon limitation. Maintenance energy values for sucrose and starch were calculated for A. niger and for starch for A. ochraceus. The continuous tower fermenter system was found to be ideal for controlling organism morphology and thus sporulation.
AndersonJ. G.,
SmithJ. E.1971a; Synchronous initiation and maturation of Aspergillus niger conidiophores in submerged culture. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 56:9–29
AndersonJ. G.,
SmithJ. E.1971b; The production of conidiophores and conidia by newly germinated conidia of Aspergillus niger(microcycle). Journal of General Microbiology 69:185–197
BainbridgeB. W.,
BullA. T.,
PirtS. J.,
RowleyB. I.,
TrinciA. P. J.1971; Biochemical and structural changes in non-growing, maintained and autolysis cultures of Aspergillus nidulans. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 56:371–385
CarterB. L. A.,
BullA. T.1969; Studies of fungal growth and intermediate carbon metabolism under steady and non-steady state conditions. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11:785–804
CarterB. L. A.,
BullA. T.,
PirtS. J.,
RowleyB. I.1971; Relationship between energy substrate utilization and specific growth rate in Aspergillus nidulans. Journal of Bacteriology 108:309–313
ChapmanB.,
CookeG. H.,
WhiteheadR.1967; Automated analysis: the determination of ammoniacal, nitrous and nitric nitrogen in river waters, sewage effluents and trade effluents. Journal of the Institute of Water Pollution Control2
CockerR.1980; Interactions between fermenter and micro-organism: tower fermenter. In Fungal Biotechnology pp. 111–124SmithJ. E.,
BerryD. R.,
KristiansenB.
Edited by London & New York: Academic Press.;
DawesI. W.,
ThornleyJ. H. M.1970; Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Theoretical and experimental studies in continuous culture systems. Journal of General Microbiology 62:49–66
DuboisM.,
GillesK. A.,
HamiltonJ. K.,
RebersP. A.,
SmithF.1956; Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28:350–356
DulaneyE. L.,
StapleyE. O.,
LavacC. H.1955; Hydroxylation of steroids, principally pro-gesterone, by a strain of Aspergillus ochraceus. Mycologia 47:464–474
GalbraithJ. C.,
SmithJ. E.1969b; Filamentous growth of Aspergillus niger in submerged shake culture. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 52:237–246
HadleyG.,
HarroldC. E.1958; The sporulation of Penicillium notatum Westling in submerged liquid culture. 1. The effect of calcium and nutrients on sporulation intensity. Journal of Experimental Botany 9:408–447
MortonA. G.,
DickersonA. G. F.,
EnglandD. J. F.1960; Changes in enzyme activity of fungi during nitrogen starvation. Journal of Experimental Botany 11:116
NgA. M. L.,
SmithJ. E.,
AndersonJ. G.1972; Changes in carbon catabolic pathways during the synchronous development of Aspergillus niger. Journal of General Microbiology 71:495–504
RighelatoR. C.,
TrinciA. P. J.,
PirtS. J.,
PeatA.1968; The influence of maintenance energy and growth rate on the metabolic activity, morphology and conidiation of Penicillium chrysogenum. Journal of General Microbiology 50:399–412
SchulzeK. L.,
LipeR. S.1964; Relationship between substrate concentration, growth rate and respiration rate of Escherichia coli, in continuous culture. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 48:1–20
SekiguchiJ.,
GaucherG. M.,
CostertonJ. W.1975; Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae. (iii) An ultrastructural investigation of conidiogenesis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21:2069–2083
SmithJ. E.,
DeansS. G.,
AndersonJ. G.,
DavisB.1977; The nature of fungal sporulation. In Biotechnology and Fungal Differentiation pp. 17–41MeyrathJ.,
Bu’LockJ. D.
Edited by London: Academic Press;