Escherichia coli 15T−R1, a temperature-dependent cell division mutant, grows into filaments of various lengths (200 to 500 µm) at 24 °C, but divides essentially normally at 37 °C. When grown to late-exponential phase at the restrictive temperature, the elongated cells showed discrete areas of increased density at polar regions and other sites in the cytoplasm, when viewed by phase contrast microscopy. Electron microscopy of preparations specifically stained for polysaccharide revealed clusters of granules with a similar distribution pattern to that of the dense areas seen by phase contrast microscopy. The granules were susceptible to α-amylase digestion, and chemical analysis of the extracted and purified polysaccharide showed that it consisted of polyglucose, including glycogen. At 24 °C the R1 cells contained about twice as much polyglucose and four times as much glycogen as at 37 °C.
ArchibaldA.R.,
FlemingI.D.,
LiddleA.M.,
MannersD.J.,
MercerG.A.,
WrightA.1961; αl,4-glucosans. Part XI. The absorption spectra of glycogen- and amylopectin-iodine complexes. Journal of the Chemical Society I:1183–1190
BehmeR.J.,
Fitz-JamesP.C.1972; Temperature-sensitive mutant of Bacillus subtilis that accumulates membrane-associated protein inclusions. Journal of Bacteriology 109:906–915
BoylenC.W.,
PateJ.L.1973; Fine structure of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during long-term starvation of rod and spherical stage cells. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 19:1–5
CedergrenB.,
HolmeT.1959; On the glycogen in Escherichia coli B; electron microscopy of ultra thin sections of cells. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 3:70–73
ChengK.J.,
HironakaR.,
RobertsD.W.A.,
CostertonJ.W.1973; Cytoplasmic glycogen inclusions in cells of anaerobic gram-negative rumen bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 19:1501–1506
DietzlerD.N.,
LeckieM.P.,
LaisC.J.1973; Rates of glycogen synthesis and the cellular levels of ATP and FDP during exponential growth and the nitrogen limited stationary phase of Escherichia coli WA4597 (K). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 156:684–693
DipersioJ.R.,
DealS.J.1974; Identification of intracellular polysaccharide granules in thin sections of Nocardia asteroides
. Journal of General Microbiology 83:349–358
DipersioJ.R.,
MattinglyS.T.,
HigginsM.L.,
ShockmanG.D.1974; Measurement of intracellular iodophilic polysaccharide in two cariogenic strains of Streptococcus mutans by cytochemical and chemical methods. Infection and Immunity 10:597–604
DrochmansP.1962; Morphologie du glycogène: etude au microscope électronique de colorations negatives du glycogéne particulaire. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 6:141–163
GlauertA.M.1965; Section staining, cytology, autoradiography and immunochemistry. In Techniques for Electron Microscopy p. 259 Edited by
KayD.H.
Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co.;
HolmeT.,
CedergrenB.1961; Demonstration of intracellular polysaccharide in Escherichia coli by electron microscopy and by cytochemical methods. Acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica 51:170–186
KhandelwalR.L.,
SpearmanT.N.,
HamiltonI.R.1972; Isolation and characterization of glycogen from Streptococcus salivarius
. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry 50:441–442
KrebsE.G.,
PreissJ.1975; Regulatory mechanisms in glycogen metabolism. In Biochemistry of Carbohydrates MTP International Review of Science 5 pp. 337–390 Edited by
WhelanW.J.
London: Butterworths;
LeducE.H.,
MarinozziV.,
BernhardW.1963; The use of water-soluble glycol methacrylate in ultrastructural cytochemistry. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 81:119–130
LindnerJ.G.E.M.,
MarcelisJ.H.,
De VosN.M.,
Hoogkamp-KorstanjeJ.A.A.1979; Intracellular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis
. Journal of General Microbiology 111:93–99
MarshallJ.J.,
WhelanW.J.1970; Incomplete conversion of glycogen and starch by crystalline amyloglucosidase and its importance in the determination of amyloceous polymers. FEBS Letters 9:85–88
MosesV.1978; Compartmentation of glycolysis in Escherichia coli
. In Microenvironments and Metabolic Compartmentation pp. 169–186 Edited by
SrereP.A.,
EstabrookR.W.
New York: Academic Press;
PreissJ.,
GreenbergJ.E.,
SabrawA.1975; Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: genetic studies of a glucose/PO4 adenyltransferase from a glycogen deficient mutant of Escherichia coli B. Journal of Biological Chemistry 250:7631–7638
PritchardR.H.,
LarkK.G.1964; Induction of replication by thymine starvation at the chromosome origin in Escherichia coli
. Journal of Molecular Biology 9:289
ReissigM.,
OrrellS.1970; A technique for electron microscopy of protein-free particle suspensions by the negative staining method. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 32:107–117
RobertsonJ.G.,
LyttletonP.,
WilliamsonK.I.,
BattR.D.1975; The effect of fixation procedures on the electron density of polysaccharide granules in Nocardia corallina
. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 50:321–332
SaukkonenJ.J.1968; Biosynthesis of macromolecular components in a temperature-dependent cell-division defective mutant of E. coli vol. 15,T-
. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 21: Suppl. 101, 11
SchachteleC.F.,
RogersP.1968; Mechanism of canavanine death in Escherichia coli I. Effect of canavanine on macromolecular synthesis. Journal of Molecular Biology 34:843–860
SchoemakerJ.M.,
SchoemakerP.J.H.,
SaukkonenJ.J.1981; Polysaccharide accumulation in the cell division defective mutant, Escherichia coli 15,T−
. Microbios in the Press
SigalN.,
CattaneoJ.,
SegelI.H.1964; Glycogen accumulation by wild type and uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase-negative strains of Escherichia coli
. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 108:440–451
SteinerK.E.,
PreissJ.1977; Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: genetic and allosteric regulation of glycogen biosynthesis in Salmonella
. Journal of Bacteriology 129:246–253
ThomasP.,
CattaneoJ.1971; Etude ultrastructurale et chimique des polyglucosides cytoplasmiques synthetises par des mutants d’Escherichia coli K12. Journal de microscopie 12:349–362
ThornellL.E.,
SjostromM.,
KarlssonU.,
CedergrenE.1977; Variable opacity of glycogen in routine electron micrographs. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 25:1069–1073
ToralballaG.C.,
EitingonM.1967; Action of urea and certain amide reagents on crystalline porcine pancreatic amylase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 119:519–525
Vasquez-NinG.,
BernhardW.1971; Comparative ultrastructural study of perichromatin and Balbiani ring granules. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 36:842–860
VyeM.V.,
FischmanD.A.1971; A comparative study of three methods for the ultrastructural demonstration of glycogen in thin sections. Journal of Cell Science 9:727–749
WardJ.B.,
GlaserL.1969; Turnover of UDP-sugars in E. coli mutants with altered UDP-sugar hydrolase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 134:612–622