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Microbial Genomics logo Microbial Genomics

Volume 11, Issue 11

Global emergence of International Clone 12 predominantly found in the Middle East Open Access

Abstract

Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant (CRAB) are of great concern, as mortality is high, and treatment options are very limited. Despite having among the highest rates reported worldwide, scarce genomic data are available on CRAB strains from the Middle East. Here, we report the global emergence of a novel International Clone (IC), designated IC12, based on the epidemiological, phenotypic and genome sequencing data (short reads and long reads) of a set of 60 . isolates belonging to multilocus sequence type 158 (Pasteur scheme). IC12, prevailing in the Middle East since 2007, has also been found in Europe, Asia and South America. Alleles OXA-65 and ADC-117, coded by the and -intrinsic genes, respectively, were hallmarks shared by all the isolates. Plasmid pIC12-2 (80,000 bp), which carries a replication initiator (RP-T1) and a type IV conjugative transfer system, played a major role in the antimicrobial resistance profile of 54/60 of the IC12 isolates. This resistance was mediated by three mobile genetic elements, namely Tn, MITE and Tn. All four Peruvian IC12 isolates lacked pIC12-2 and carried a different set of plasmids. Two of the Peruvian isolates carried a chromosomal resistance island of 79,396 bp long (designated IC12-RI) marked by the occurrence of (X3). The global spread of IC12 is worrying and calls for further studies on the virulence features and clinical impact of this clone.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): Acinetobacter baumannii , carbapenem-resistant , genomic sequencing , International Clone 12 , Middle East , ST158 and tet(X3)
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University (Award Insamlingsstiftelsen grant 2021-2023)
    • Principal Award Recipient: BerntEric Uhlin
  • Swedish Research Council (Award grant 2019-01720)
    • Principal Award Recipient: BerntEric Uhlin
  • Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (Award GS-0000000256)
    • Principal Award Recipient: Louis-PatrickHaraoui
  • Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé (Award 282182)
    • Principal Award Recipient: Louis-PatrickHaraoui
  • New Frontiers in Research Fund (Award NFRFE-2019-00444)
    • Principal Award Recipient: Louis-PatrickHaraoui
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2025-12-08

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Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii International Clone 12 predominantly found in the Middle East
M Gen 11, 001572 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001572
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001572
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