Skip to content
1887

Microbial Genomics logo Microbial Genomics

Volume 11, Issue 11

Enteric microbiome and obesity: a multidimensional narrative review Open Access

Abstract

Obesity (henceforth called the pathologic condition) is a global epidemic affecting nearly 20% of adults worldwide and transcends genetic, ethnic and civilizational barriers in this era of globalization. Various ways of stemming the progress of the disease have been considered. One significant finding in this condition is an altered enteric microbiome. This review elucidates multiple mechanisms by which an altered enteric microbiome may contribute to the pathologic condition. Key roles include the microbiome’s ability to process dietary roughage into absorbable nutrients, modulate intestinal physiology, enhance nutrient absorption and influence the endocrine function of adipose tissue and the liver to regulate appetite and hunger. The gut microbiome also interacts with the entero-insular axis, optimizing food utilization, and communicates with the central nervous system to alter appetite, satiety and food-seeking behaviour. Additional mechanisms include immunomodulation, chronic inflammation, epigenetic regulation and the production of vitamins and antioxidants. Promising therapeutic avenues, including engineering beneficial gut bacteria, developing targeted probiotic formulations and designing specialized food programmes can help combat this pathologic condition and potentially provide effective, non-invasive strategies to address this widespread condition.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): appetite , chronic inflammation , enteric microbiome , epigenetic changes , epigenetics , food-seeking behaviour , hunger , immunomodulation , modulation , multisystem effect , neurotransmitters , obesity , pathologic condition and satiety
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001562
2025-11-27
2025-12-16

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/mgen/11/11/mgen001562.html?itemId=/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001562&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism 2022; 133:155217 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025; 13:221–262 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Kim TN. Barriers to pathologic condition management: patient and physician factors. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:244–247
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Nguyen NT, Varela JE. Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic disorders: state of the art. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:160–169 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Heymsfield SB, Wadden TA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of pathologic condition. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:254–266 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Gadde KM, Martin CK, Berthoud HR, Heymsfield SB. Pathologic condition: pathophysiology and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71:69–84 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Gaal LFV et al. Once weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or pathologic condition. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:989–1002 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S. For SURMOUNT-1 Investigators Tirzepatide once weekly for treatment of pathologic condition. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:2015–2216 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP. Quie wu et al for Retatrutide phase 2 obesty trial investigators Triple hormone receptor agonist Retatrutide for pathologic Condition –A phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:514–526 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD. Anti-pathologic condition drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:201–223
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, Bliddal H. Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:433–439 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Wajid I, Vega A, Thornhill K, Jenkins J, Merriman C et al. Topiramate (Topamax): evolving role in weight reduction management: a narrative review. Life 2023; 13:1845 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Jain SS, Ramanand SJ, Ramanand JB, Akat PB, Patwardhan MH et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of orlistat in obese patients. Indian J Endocr Metab 2011; 15:99 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Goldstein DJ. Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992; 16:397–415 [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Müller MJ, Enderle J, Bosy-Westphal A. Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans. Curr Obes Rep 2016; 5:413–423 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:11971–11975 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N, Cox LM, Amir A et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med 2016; 22:250–253 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Korpela K, Helve O, Kolho K-L, Saisto T, Skogberg K et al. Maternal fecal microbiota transplantation in cesarean-born infants rapidly restores normal gut microbial development: a proof-of-concept study. Cell 2020; 183:324–334 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:34694987 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Hou K, Wu Z-X, Chen X-Y, Wang J-Q, Zhang D et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:135 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 2012; 489:220–230 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012; 486:222–227 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F et al. The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00036-17 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Rausch P, Rehman A, Künzel S, Häsler R, Ott SJ et al. Colonic mucosa-associated microbiota is influenced by an interaction of Crohn disease and FUT2 (Secretor) genotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108:19030–19035 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Xu J, Mahowald MA, Ley RE, Lozupone CA, Hamady M et al. Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e156 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R et al. The human microbiome project. Nature 2007; 449:804–810 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 2013; 341: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009; 457:480–484 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Gupta VK, Paul S, Dutta C. Geography, ethnicity or subsistence-specific variations in human microbiome composition and diversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1162 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Mueller S, Saunier K, Hanisch C, Norin E, Alm L et al. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1027–1033 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011; 473:174–180 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Benezra A, DeStefano J, Gordon JI. Anthropology of microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109:6378–6381 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Lagier J-C, Armougom F, Million M, Hugon P, Pagnier I et al. Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:1185–1193 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Pereira AC, Cunha MV. An effective culturomics approach to study the gut microbiota of mammals. Res Microbiol 2020; 171:290–300 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Wan X, Yang Q, Wang X, Bai Y, Liu Z. Isolation and cultivation of human gut microorganisms: a review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1080 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Ha CWY, Devkota S. The new microbiology: cultivating the future of microbiome-directed medicine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G639–G645 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Tidjani Alou M, Naud S, Khelaifia S, Bonnet M, Lagier J-C et al. State of the art in the culture of the human microbiota: new interests and strategies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 2005; 307:1915–1920 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Huttenhower C, Gevers D, Knight R. Human microbiome project investigators Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486:207–214 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Our unindicted coconspirators: human metabolism from a microbial perspective. Cell Metab 2010; 12:111–116 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Yersin S, Vonaesch P. Small intestinal microbiota: from taxonomic composition to metabolism. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:970–983 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Wang Y, Wang M, Chen J, Li Y, Kuang Z et al. The gut microbiota reprograms intestinal lipid metabolism through long noncoding RNA Snhg9. Science 2023; 381:851–857 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Steinbach E, Belda E, Alili R, Adriouch S, Dauriat CJG et al. Comparative analysis of the duodenojejunal microbiome with the oral and fecal microbiomes reveals its stronger association with obesity and nutrition. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2405547 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Yang K, Niu J, Zuo T, Sun Y, Xu Z et al. Alterations in the gut virome in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1257–1269 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Berry DC, Stenesen D, Zeve D, Graff JM. The developmental origins of adipose tissue. Development 2013; 140:3939–3949 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Rautmann AW, de La Serre CB. Microbiota’s role in diet-driven alterations in food intake: satiety, energy balance, and reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:3067 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Iizuka K, Takao K, Yabe D. ChREBP-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism: involvement of the gut microbiota, liver, and adipose tissue. Front Endocrinol 2020; 11:587189 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Gomes AC, Hoffmann C, Mota JF. The human gut microbiota: metabolism and perspective in pathologic condition. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:308–325 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Krajmalnik-Brown R, Ilhan ZE, Kang DW, DiBaise JK. Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27:201–214 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Cardona F, Andrés-Lacueva C, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1415–1422 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Flint HJ, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Louis P, Forano E. Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:289–306 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Maske BL, de Melo Pereira GV, da S Vale A, de Carvalho Neto DP, Karp SG et al. A review on enzyme-producing lactobacilli associated with the human digestive process: from metabolism to application. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 149:109836 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Inman M. How bacteria turn fiber into food. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001227 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Martens EC, Lowe EC, Chiang H, Pudlo NA, Wu M et al. Recognition and degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides by two human gut symbionts. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001221 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Tasse L, Bercovici J, Pizzut-Serin S, Robe P, Tap J et al. Functional metagenomics to mine the human gut microbiome for dietary fiber catabolic enzymes. Genome Res 2010; 20:1605–1612 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Dridi L, Altamura F, Gonzalez E, Lui O, Kubinski R et al. Identifying glycan consumers in human gut microbiota samples using metabolic labeling coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:662 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Corfield AP. Mucins: a biologically relevant glycan barrier in mucosal protection. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1850:236–252 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Wang S, van Geffen M, Venema K, Mommers A, Jonkers D et al. Effect of protein fermentation products on gut health assessed in an in vitro model of human colon (TIM‐2). Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200574 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Ottman N, Geerlings SY, Aalvink S, de Vos WM, Belzer C. Action and function of Akkermansia muciniphila in microbiome ecology, health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:637–642 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Louis P, Flint HJ. Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:29–41 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Jian Z, Zeng L, Xu T, Sun S, Yan S et al. The intestinal microbiome associated with lipid metabolism and obesity in humans and animals. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2915–2930 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Yu Y, Raka F, Adeli K. The role of the gut microbiota in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. JCM 2019; 8:2227 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Ropert A, Cherbut C, Rozé C, Le Quellec A, Holst JJ et al. Colonic fermentation and proximal gastric tone in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:289–296 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Piche T, des Varannes SB, Sacher-Huvelin S, Holst JJ, Cuber JC et al. Colonic fermentation influences lower esophageal sphincter function in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:894–902 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Waclawiková B, Codutti A, Alim K, El Aidy S. Gut microbiota-motility interregulation: insights from in vivo, ex vivo and in silico studies. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:1997296 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Yao Q, Yu Z, Meng Q, Chen J, Liu Y et al. The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in obesity and its related diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115546 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM, Staton CA. Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:219–231 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Liu X, Nagy P, Bonfini A, Houtz P, Bing XL et al. Microbes affect gut epithelial cell composition through immune-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110572 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Vicentini FA, Keenan CM, Wallace LE, Woods C, Cavin J-B et al. Intestinal microbiota shapes gut physiology and regulates enteric neurons and glia. Microbiome 2021; 9:210 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Bonaz B, Bazin T, Pellissier S. The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:49 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Sato Y, Atarashi K, Plichta DR, Arai Y, Sasajima S et al. Novel bile acid biosynthetic pathways are enriched in the microbiome of centenarians. Nature 2021; 599:458–464 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Gasaly N, de Vos P, Hermoso MA. Impact of bacterial metabolites on gut barrier function and host immunity: a focus on bacterial metabolism and its relevance for intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658354 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Frost G, Brynes A, Leeds A. Effect of large bowel fermentation on insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide in patients with coronary heart disease. Nutrition 1999; 15:183–188 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Rastelli M, Cani PD, Knauf C. The gut microbiome influences host endocrine functions. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1271–1284 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Koh A, Molinaro A, Ståhlman M, Khan MT, Schmidt C et al. Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1. Cell 2018; 175:947–961 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Zhang J, Wang S, Wang J, Liu W, Gong H et al. Insoluble dietary fiber from soybean residue (okara) exerts anti-obesity effects by promoting hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Foods 2023; 12:2081 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:15718–15723 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Han H, Yi B, Zhong R, Wang M, Zhang S et al. From gut microbiota to host appetite: gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key regulators. Microbiome 2021; 9:162 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Canfora EE, Meex RCR, Venema K, Black EE. Gut microbial metabolites in pathologic condition, NAFLD and T2DM. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:261–273
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Richard AJ, White U, Elks CM et al. Adipose tissue: physiology to metabolic dysfunction. In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR et al. eds Endotext South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc; 2000 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555602/
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Hor PK, Pal S, Mondal J, Halder SK, Ghosh K et al. Antiobesity, antihyperglycemic, and antidepressive potentiality of rice fermented food through modulation of intestinal microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:794503 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Braniste V, Al-Asmakh M, Kowal C, Anuar F, Abbaspour A et al. The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:263ra158 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Gao J, Xu K, Liu H, Liu G, Bai M et al. Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:13 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Dicks LMT. Gut bacteria and neurotransmitters. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1838 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Strandwitz P. Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Research 2018; 1693:128–133 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Cohen LJ, Esterhazy D, Kim S-H, Lemetre C, Aguilar RR et al. Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules. Nature 2017; 549:48–53 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. He J, Zhang P, Shen L, Niu L, Tan Y et al. Short-chain fatty acids and their association with signalling pathways in inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:6356 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Kawabata K, Yoshioka Y, Terao J. Role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. Molecules 2019; 24:370 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Qiu S, Cai Y, Yao H, Lin C, Xie Y et al. Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Sig Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:132 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. LeBlanc JG, Milani C, de Giori GS, Sesma F, van Sinderen D et al. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:160–168 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Pham VT, Dold S, Rehman A, Bird JK, Steinert RE. Vitamins, the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal health in humans. Nutr Res 2021; 95:35–53 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Stacchiotti V, Rezzi S, Eggersdorfer M, Galli F. Metabolic and functional interplay between gut microbiota and fat-soluble vitamins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 61:3211–3232 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Kundra P, Greppi A, Duppenthaler M, Plüss S, Pugin B et al. Vitamin B12 analogues from gut microbes and diet differentially impact commensal propionate producers of the human gut. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1360199 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Degnan PH, Barry NA, Mok KC, Taga ME, Goodman AL. Human gut microbes use multiple transporters to distinguish vitamin B₁₂ analogs and compete in the gut. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:47–57 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Ellis JL, Karl JP, Oliverio AM, Fu X, Soares JW et al. Dietary vitamin K is remodeled by gut microbiota and influences community composition. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1–16 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Said HM. Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. Biochem J 2011; 437:357–372 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Bora SA, Kennett MJ, Smith PB, Patterson AD, Cantorna MT. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism following disruption of the microbiota using broad spectrum antibiotics. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:65–73 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Vitamin-mediated regulation of intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:189 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Shibata N, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Dietary and microbial metabolites in the regulation of host immunity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2171 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Takeuchi T, Ohno H. IgA in human health and diseases: potential regulator of commensal microbiota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1024330 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Stagg AJ. Intestinal dendritic cells in health and gut inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2883 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Artemniak-Wojtowicz D, Kucharska AM, Pyrżak B. Obesity and chronic inflammation crosslinking. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:461–468 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Kamada N, Núñez G. Regulation of the immune system by the resident intestinal bacteria. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1477–1488 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M et al. Bile acids and GPBAR-1: dynamic interaction involving genes, environment and gut microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:3709 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Liu BN, Liu XT, Liang ZH, Wang JH. Gut microbiota in pathologic condition. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3837–3850 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Garner LC, Klenerman P, Provine NM. Insights into mucosal-associated invariant T cell biology from studies of invariant natural killer T cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1478 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Johansson MEV, Sjövall H, Hansson GC. The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:352–361 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Aggarwal V, Sunder S, Verma SR. Disease-associated dysbiosis and potential therapeutic role of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucus degrading bacteria of gut microbiome. Folia Microbiol 2022; 67:811–824 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Macchione IG, Lopetuso LR, Ianiro G, Napoli M, Gibiino G et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: key player in metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23:8075–8083 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Talukdar FR, Escobar Marcillo DI, Laskar RS, Novoloaca A, Cuenin C et al. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss and associated genome-wide DNA-methylation alterations in obese individuals. Clin Epigenet 2022; 14:176 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Woo V, Alenghat T. Epigenetic regulation by gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2022407 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  112. O’Donnell MP, Fox BW, Chao P-H, Schroeder FC, Sengupta P. A neurotransmitter produced by gut bacteria modulates host sensory behaviour. Nature 2020; 583:415–420 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Jang HR, Lee HY. Mechanisms linking gut microbial metabolites to insulin resistance. WJD 2021; 12:730–744 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Sakamoto A, Terui Y, Uemura T, Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K. Polyamines regulate gene expression by stimulating translation of histone acetyltransferase mRNAs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8736–8745 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Tofalo R, Cocchi S, Suzzi G. Polyamines and gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2019; 6:16 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Nakamura A, Ooga T, Matsumoto M. Intestinal luminal putrescine is produced by collective biosynthetic pathways of the commensal microbiome. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:159–171 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Corbin KD, Carnero EA, Dirks B, Igudesman D, Yi F et al. Host-diet-gut microbiome interactions influence human energy balance: a randomized clinical trial. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3161 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Cani PD, Van Hul M, Lefort C, Depommier C, Rastelli M et al. Microbial regulation of organismal energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2019; 1:34–46 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI. The core gut microbiome, energy balance and pathologic condition. J Physiol 2009; 587:4153–4158 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Ke X, You K, Pichaud M, Haiser HJ, Graham DB et al. Gut bacterial metabolites modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Genome Biol 2021; 22:292 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Mulla CM, Middelbeek RJW, Patti M-E. Mechanisms of weight loss and improved metabolism following bariatric surgery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1411:53–64 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Coimbra VOR, Crovesy L, Ribeiro-Alves M, Faller ALK, Mattos F et al. Gut microbiota profile in adults undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Nutrients 2022; 14:4979 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Kim YJ, Womble JT, Gunsch CK, Ingram JL. The gut/lung microbiome axis in obesity, asthma, and bariatric surgery: a literature review. Obesity 2021; 29:636–644 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Chen G, Zhuang J, Cui Q, Jiang S, Tao W et al. Two bariatric surgical procedures differentially alter the intestinal microbiota in obesity patients. Obes Surg 2020; 30:2345–2361 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Deledda A, Annunziata G, Tenore GC, Palmas V, Manzin A et al. Diet-derived antioxidants and their role in inflammation, obesity and gut microbiota modulation. Antioxidants 2021; 10:708 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Espín JC, González-Sarrías A, Tomás-Barberán FA. The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 139:82–93 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Valdés L, Cuervo A, Salazar N, Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M et al. The relationship between phenolic compounds from diet and microbiota: impact on human health. Food Funct 2015; 6:2424–2439 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006; 444:1022–1023 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Zhou L, Ni Z, Yu J, Cheng W, Cai Z et al. Correlation between fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota in obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol 2020; 11:628 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  130. de Wouters d’Oplinter A, Rastelli M, Van Hul M, Delzenne NM, Cani PD et al. Gut microbes participate in food preference alterations during obesity. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1959242 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  131. de Wouters d’Oplinter A, Verce M, Huwart SJP, Lessard-Lord J, Depommier C et al. Obese-associated gut microbes and derived phenolic metabolite as mediators of excessive motivation for food reward. Microbiome 2023; 11:94 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  132. de Wouters d’Oplinter A, Huwart SJP, Cani PD, Everard A. Gut microbes and food reward: from the gut to the brain. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947240 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Abot A, Cani PD, Knauf C. Impact of intestinal peptides on the enteric nervous system: novel approaches to control glucose metabolism and food intake. Front Endocrinol 2018; 9:328 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Yadav M, Chauhan NS. Microbiome therapeutics: exploring the present scenario and challenges. Gastroenterol Rep 2022; 10: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Landry BP, Tabor JJ. Engineering diagnostic and therapeutic gut bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Kang M, Choe D, Kim K, Cho BK, Cho S. Synthetic biology approaches in the development of engineered therapeutic microbes. IJMS 2020; 21:8744 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Kumari M, Singh P, Nataraj BH, Kokkiligadda A, Naithani H et al. Fostering next-generation probiotics in human gut by targeted dietary modulation: an emerging perspective. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110716 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Stark CM, Susi A, Emerick J, Nylund CM. Antibiotic and acid-suppression medications during early childhood are associated with obesity. Gut 2019; 68:62–69 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Iizuka K, Takao K, Yabe D. ChREBP-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism: involvement of the gut microbiota, liver, and adipose tissue. Front Endocrinol 2020; 11: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Strandwitz P. Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res 2018; 1693:128–133 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001562
Loading
Enteric microbiome and obesity: a multidimensional narrative review
M Gen 11, 001562 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001562
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001562
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001562
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error