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Microbial Genomics logo Microbial Genomics

Volume 11, Issue 5

The type IV secretion system of is homologous to the bacterial monoderm conjugation machinery Open Access

Abstract

The Candidate Phyla Radiation, also known as , represents a vast and diverse division of bacteria that has come to light via culture-independent ‘omics’ technologies. Their limited biosynthetic capacity, along with evidence of their growth as obligate epibionts on other bacteria, suggests a broad reliance on host organisms for their survival. Nevertheless, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing their metabolism and lifestyle remains limited. The type IV secretion system (T4SS) represents a superfamily of translocation systems with a wide range of functional roles. T4SS genes have been identified in the class as essential for their epibiotic growth. In this study, we used a comprehensive bioinformatics approach to investigate the diversity and distribution of T4SS within . The phylogenetic analysis of the T4SS signature protein VirB4 suggests that most of these proteins cluster into a distinct monophyletic group with a shared ancestry to the MPF class of T4SS. This class is found in the conjugative elements of , , and , indicating a possible horizontal gene transfer from these monoderm micro-organisms to . We identified additional T4SS components near , particularly those associated with the MPF class, as well as homologues of other T4SS classes, such as VirB2-like pilins, and observed their varied arrangements across different classes. The absence of a relaxase in most of these T4SS clusters suggests that the system has been co-opted for other functions in . The proximity of T4SS components to the origin of replication (gene ) in some suggests a potential mechanism for increased expression. The broad ubiquity of a phylogenetically distinct T4SS, combined with its chromosomal location, underscores the significance of T4SS in the biology of .

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): Candidate Phyla Radiation , horizontal gene transfer , Patescibacteria and type IV secretion system
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • UK Research and Innovation (Award EP/Y028384/1)
    • Principal Award Recipient: PedroJ Cabello-Yeves
  • H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (Award 1011052332-CYANORUB)
    • Principal Award Recipient: PedroJ Cabello-Yeves
  • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Award PID2020-118052GB-I00)
    • Principal Award Recipient: FranciscoRodriguez-Valera
  • Ministerio de Universidades (Award FPU20/04579)
    • Principal Award Recipient: Maríadel Mar Quiñonero-Coronel
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Award MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 PID2020-117923GB-I00)
    • Principal Award Recipient: M.Pilar Garcillán-Barcia
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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The type IV secretion system of Patescibacteria is homologous to the bacterial monoderm conjugation machinery
M Gen 11, 001409 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001409
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001409
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