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Volume 11, Issue 4

Genomic characterization of group B from Argentina: insights into prophage diversity, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes Open Access

Abstract

Group B (GBS) is a commensal bacterium that can cause severe infections in infants and adults with comorbidities. Resistance and reduced susceptibility to antibiotics are continually on the rise, and vaccines remain in development. Prophages have been reported to contribute to GBS evolution and pathogenicity. However, no studies are available to date on prophage contribution to the epidemiology of GBS isolates from humans in South America. In the context of an Argentinian multicentric study, we had previously phenotypically characterized 365 human GBS isolates from invasive disease, urinary infections and maternal colonization. These isolates had been whole-genome sequenced, and their prophage presence was bioinformatically determined. In this study, we genomically characterized the isolates and analysed the prophage content in the context of the epidemiological data. The phylogenetic analysis of the 365 genomes with 103 GBS from public databases revealed that Argentinian GBS were related to isolates from around the world. The most prevalent lineages, independent of the isolated source, were CC23/Ia and CC12/Ib. Genes encoding virulence factors involved in immune response evasion, tissue damage and adherence to host tissues, and invasion were found in all of the genomes in accordance with previously described lineage distribution. According to the prevalent capsular types and the distribution of specific virulence factors in Argentinian GBS, over 95% coverage would be expected from the vaccines currently under development. Antibiotic resistance determinants (ARDs) to at least one antibiotic class were found in 90% of the genomes, including novel mutations in 2x, while more than 15% carried ARDs to three or more classes. GBS collected from urinary infections carried a significantly higher proportion of ARDs to multiple antibiotic classes than the rest of the isolates. A total of 454 prophages were found among the 468 genomes analysed, which were classified into 23 prophage types. Prophage presence exhibited variations based on GBS clonal complex and capsular type. A possible association between an increased GBS pathogenicity and the carriage of prophages with integrase type GBS8 and/or the presence of genes that encode the Phox Homology domain has been observed. The highest prevalence of prophages per genome was found in lineages CC17/III and CC19/III, while the lowest amount was observed in CC12/Ib. Overall, the highest density of prophages, virulence factors and ARDs determinants was found in CC19 isolates, mostly of capsular type III, independent of the isolates’ source. This is the first analysis of the human-associated GBS population in South America based on whole-genome sequencing data, which will make a significant contribution to future studies on the global GBS population structure.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): Argentina , epidemiology , group B Streptococcus (GBS) , prophage and Streptococcus agalactiae
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Award INV-010426)
    • Principal Award Recipient: StephenD. Bentley
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Cientificas y Tecnologicas (CONICET) (Award 11220220100373CO)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MartaMollerach
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Cientificas y Tecnologicas (CONICET) (Award 11220150100692CO)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MartaMollerach
  • Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Award UBACYT 20020170200303BA)
    • Principal Award Recipient: LauraBonofiglio
  • Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Award UBACYT 20020190100189BA)
    • Principal Award Recipient: LauraBonofiglio
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001399
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Genomic characterization of group B Streptococcus from Argentina: insights into prophage diversity, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes
M Gen 11, 001399 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001399
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