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Volume 11, Issue 1

Evolution and spread of subsp. in the São Paulo, Brazil, citrus belt inferred from 758 novel genomes Open Access

Abstract

The São Paulo state citrus belt in Brazil is a major citrus production region. Since at least 1957, citrus plantations in this region have been affected by citrus canker, an economically damaging disease caused by subsp. (). For about 50 years, until 2017, a citrus canker eradication programme was carried out in this region. In this work, our aim was to investigate the effects of the eradication programme on genetic variability and evolution of . To this end, we sequenced and analysed 758 genomes sampled in the São Paulo citrus belt, together with 730 publicly available genomes from around the world. Our phylogenomic analyses show that these genomes can be grouped into seven major lineages and that in São Paulo, lineage L7 is dominant. Our time estimate for its appearance closely matches the date when citrus production expanded. L7 can be subdivided into lineages L7.1 and L7.2. In our samples, L7.2, which we estimate to have emerged around 1964, is by far the most abundant, showing that the eradication programme had little impact on strain diversification. On the other hand, oscillations in the estimated effective population size of L7.2 strains over time closely match the shifts in the eradication programme. In sum, we present a detailed view of the genomic diversity of in the world and in São Paulo, the largest such effort in terms of a number of genomes for a crop pathogen undertaken so far. The methods employed here can form the basis for active genomic surveillance of in major citrus production areas.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): citrus canker , evolution , genomes , São Paulo state citrus belt and Xanthomonas citri
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Award 305961/2019-5)
    • Principal Award Recipient: JoaoCarlos Setubal
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Award 307163/2020-2)
    • Principal Award Recipient: HenriqueFerreira
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Award 302872/2020-5)
    • Principal Award Recipient: FranklinBehlau
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Award Finance Code 001)
    • Principal Award Recipient: CaioFelipe Cavicchia Zamunér
  • Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Award 031686)
    • Principal Award Recipient: FranklinBehlau
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Award 465440/2014-2)
    • Principal Award Recipient: HenriqueFerreira
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Award 2014/50880-0)
    • Principal Award Recipient: HenriqueFerreira
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Award 2021/10577-0)
    • Principal Award Recipient: HenriqueFerreira
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Award 2018/21164-5)
    • Principal Award Recipient: HenriqueFerreira
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Award 2017/50454-9)
    • Principal Award Recipient: HenriqueFerreira
  • Conselho Nacional das Fundações Estaduais de Amparo à Pesquisa (Award 2019/05497-7)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarkC. Enright
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/S018891/1)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarkC. Enright
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/R022720/1)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarkC. Enright
© 2024 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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Evolution and spread of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri in the São Paulo, Brazil, citrus belt inferred from 758 novel genomes
M Gen 11, 001338 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001338
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001338
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.001338
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