1887

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Volume 8, Issue 4

endosymbionts in two species indicates independent acquisitions and lack of prophage elements Open Access

Abstract

is a genus of obligate bacterial endosymbionts that infect a diverse range of arthropod species as well as filarial nematodes, with its single described species, , divided into several ‘supergroups’ based on multilocus sequence typing. strains in mosquitoes have been shown to inhibit the transmission of human pathogens, including malaria parasites and arboviruses. Despite their large host range, strains within the major malaria vectors of the and complexes appear at low density, established solely on PCR-based methods. Questions have been raised as to whether this represents a true endosymbiotic relationship. However, recent definitive evidence for two distinct, high-density strains of supergroup B within and has opened exciting possibilities to explore naturally occurring endosymbionts in for biocontrol strategies to block transmission. Here, we utilize genomic analyses to demonstrate that both strains have retained all key metabolic and transport pathways despite their smaller genome size, with this reduction potentially attributable to degenerated prophage regions. Even with this reduction, we confirmed the presence of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) factor genes within both strains, with AnD maintaining intact copies of these genes while the gene was interrupted in AnM, so functional analysis is required to determine whether AnM can induce CI. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis indicates that these strains may have been introduced into these two species via horizontal transmission events, rather than by ancestral acquisition and subsequent loss events in the species complex. These are the first genomes, to our knowledge, that enable us to study the relationship between natural strain malaria parasites and their anopheline hosts.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): Anopheles , genomics , prophage , symbiosis and Wolbachia
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • National Institute for Heatlh Research (Award NIHR2000907)
    • Principle Award Recipient: L HughesGrant
  • UK Research and Innovation (Award 85336)
    • Principle Award Recipient: L HughesGrant
  • UK Research and Innovation (Award 20197)
    • Principle Award Recipient: L HughesGrant
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Award EP/V043811/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: GrantL Hughes
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award R21AI138074)
    • Principle Award Recipient: GrantL Hughes
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/T001240/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: GrantL Hughes
  • Royal Society (Award RSWF\R1\180013)
    • Principle Award Recipient: GrantL Hughes
  • Royal Society (Award CHG\R1\170036)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ThomasWalker
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 101285)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ThomasWalker
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Award R01-AI116811)
    • Principle Award Recipient: NotApplicable
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 217303/Z/19/Z)
    • Principle Award Recipient: EvaHeinz
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/V011278/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: EvaHeinz
© 2022 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000805
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Wolbachia endosymbionts in two Anopheles species indicates independent acquisitions and lack of prophage elements
M Gen 8, 000805 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000805
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000805
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