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Abstract

Many foundation species in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems rely on environmentally acquired symbiotic bacteria for their survival. Hence, understanding the biogeographic distributions of these symbionts at regional scales is key to understanding patterns of connectivity and predicting resilience of their host populations (and thus whole communities). However, such assessments are challenging because they necessitate measuring bacterial genetic diversity at fine resolutions. For this purpose, the recently discovered clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) constitutes a promising new genetic marker. These DNA sequences harboured by about half of bacteria hold their viral immune memory, and as such, might allow discrimination of different lineages or strains of otherwise indistinguishable bacteria. In this study, we assessed the potential of CRISPR as a hypervariable phylogenetic marker in the context of a population genetic study of an uncultured bacterial species. We used high-throughput CRISPR-based typing along with multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) to characterize the regional population structure of the obligate but environmentally acquired symbiont species Endoriftia persephone on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Mixed symbiont populations of . Endoriftia persephone were sampled across individual hosts from contrasting habitats in order to determine if environmental conditions rather than barriers to connectivity are more important drivers of symbiont diversity. We showed that CRISPR revealed a much higher symbiont genetic diversity than the other housekeeping genes. Several lines of evidence imply this diversity is indicative of environmental strains. Finally, we found with both CRISPR and gene markers that local symbiont populations are strongly differentiated across sites known to be isolated by deep-sea circulation patterns. This research showed the high power of CRISPR to resolve the genetic structure of uncultured bacterial populations and represents a step towards making keystone microbial species an integral part of conservation policies for upcoming mining operations on the seafloor.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Compute Canada
    • Principle Award Recipient: NotApplicable
  • Canadian Healthy Oceans Network
    • Principle Award Recipient: NotApplicable
  • Natural Environment Research Council (Award NE/N006496/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: C.Robert Young
  • Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
    • Principle Award Recipient: S.Kim Juniper
  • Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
    • Principle Award Recipient: BernardAngers
  • Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
    • Principle Award Recipient: MaevaPEREZ
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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2021-08-27
2024-11-11
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