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Abstract

This study investigated the evolution and epidemiology of the community-associated and multidrug-resistant clone European CC1-MRSA-IV. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for 194 European CC1-MRSA-IV isolates (189 of human and 5 of animal origin) from 12 countries, and 10 meticillin-susceptible precursors (from North-Eastern Romania; all of human origin) of the clone. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a maximum-likelihood approach, a time-measured phylogeny was reconstructed using Bayesian analysis, and microarray genotyping was performed to identify resistance, virulence-associated and SCC (staphylococcal cassette chromosome ) genes. Isolates were typically sequence type 1 (190/204) and type t127 (183/204). Bayesian analysis indicated that European CC1-MRSA-IV emerged in approximately 1995 before undergoing rapid expansion in the late 1990s and 2000s, while spreading throughout Europe and into the Middle East. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an unstructured meticillin-resistant (MRSA) population, lacking significant geographical or temporal clusters. The MRSA were genotypically multidrug-resistant, consistently encoded , and intermittently (34/194) encoded an undisrupted gene with concomitant absence of the lysogenic phage-encoded genes and . All MRSA also harboured a characteristic ~5350 nt insertion in SCC adjacent to . Detailed demographic data from Denmark showed that there, the clone is typically (25/35) found in the community, and often (10/35) among individuals with links to South-Eastern Europe. This study elucidated the evolution and epidemiology of European CC1-MRSA-IV, which emerged from a meticillin-susceptible lineage prevalent in North-Eastern Romania before disseminating rapidly throughout Europe.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Trinity College Dublin (Award DDUH2019/02)
    • Principle Award Recipient: DavidC Coleman
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Award ADA; 13GW0456C)
    • Principle Award Recipient: StefanMonecke
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2021-07-05
2024-11-08
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