1887

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Volume 7, Issue 5

Analysis of putative quadruplex-forming sequences in fungal genomes: novel antifungal targets? Open Access

Abstract

Fungal infections cause >1 million deaths annually and the emergence of antifungal resistance has prompted the exploration for novel antifungal targets. Quadruplexes are four-stranded nucleic acid secondary structures, which can regulate processes such as transcription, translation, replication and recombination. They are also found in genes linked to virulence in microbes, and ligands that bind to quadruplexes can eliminate drug-resistant pathogens. Using a computational approach, we quantified putative quadruplex-forming sequences (PQS) in 1359 genomes across the fungal kingdom and explored their presence in genes related to virulence, drug resistance and biological processes associated with pathogenicity in . Here we present the largest analysis of PQS in fungi and identify significant heterogeneity of these sequences throughout phyla, genera and species. PQS were genetically conserved in spp. and frequently pathogenic species appeared to contain fewer PQS than their lesser/non-pathogenic counterparts. GO-term analysis identified that PQS-containing genes were involved in processes linked with virulence such as zinc ion binding, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and regulation of transcription in . Although the genome frequency of PQS was lower in , PQS could be found enriched in genes involved in virulence, and genes upregulated during germination and hypoxia. Moreover, PQS were found in genes involved in drug resistance. Quadruplexes could have important roles within fungal biology and virulence, but their roles require further elucidation.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): Aspergillus fumigatus , drug resistance , Fungi , G-quadruplexes , i-motifs , in-silico and virulence
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Czech Science Foundation (Award 18-15548S)
    • Principle Award Recipient: VáclavBrázda
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 204515/Z/16/Z)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ZoëA. E. Waller
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/L02229X/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ZoëA. E. Waller
© 2021 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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Analysis of putative quadruplex-forming sequences in fungal genomes: novel antifungal targets?
M Gen 7, 000570 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000570
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000570
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000570
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