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Abstract

Bacteria communicate by small-molecule chemicals that facilitate intra- and inter-species interactions. These extracellular signalling molecules mediate diverse processes including virulence, bioluminescence, biofilm formation, motility and specialized metabolism. The signalling molecules produced by members of the phylum Actinobacteria generally comprise γ-butyrolactones, γ-butenolides and furans. The best-known actinomycete γ-butyrolactone is A-factor, which triggers specialized metabolism and morphological differentiation in the genus . Salinipostins A–K are unique γ-butyrolactone molecules with rare phosphotriester moieties that were recently characterized from the marine actinomycete genus . The production of these compounds has been linked to the nine-gene biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) . Critical to salinipostin assembly is the γ-butyrolactone synthase encoded by . Here, we report the surprising distribution of homologues across 12 bacterial phyla, the majority of which are not known to produce γ-butyrolactones. Further analyses uncovered a large group of -like gene clusters outside of the genus , suggesting the production of new salinipostin-like diversity. These gene clusters show evidence of horizontal transfer and location-specific recombination among strains. The results suggest that γ-butyrolactone production may be more widespread than previously recognized. The identification of new γ-butyrolactone BGCs is the first step towards understanding the regulatory roles of the encoded small molecules in Actinobacteria.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Japan Society for Promotion of Science (Award JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship)
    • Principle Award Recipient: YutaKudo
  • National Institutes of Health (Award 5R01GM085770)
    • Principle Award Recipient: PaulR. Jensen
  • National Institutes of Health (Award 5R01GM085770)
    • Principle Award Recipient: BradleyS. Moore
  • National Science Foundation (Award DGE-1650112)
    • Principle Award Recipient: KaitlinE. Creamer
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License.
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2024-11-04
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