1887

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a globally important human disease for at least 200 years. In 2009–2011, the first recorded cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea (PNG) occurred. We conducted genetic and phenotypic characterization of 21 isolates of V. cholerae , with whole-genome sequencing conducted on 2 representative isolates. The PNG outbreak was caused by an atypical El Tor strain harbouring a tandem repeat of the CTX prophage on chromosome II. Whole-genome sequence data, prophage structural analysis and the absence of the SXT integrative conjugative element was indicative that the PNG isolates were most closely related to strains previously isolated in South-East and East Asia with affiliations to global wave 2 strains. This finding suggests that the cholera outbreak in PNG was caused by an exotic (non-endemic) strain of V. cholerae that originated in South-East Asia.

Keyword(s): Asia , cholera , O1 , Oceania , Pacific and V. Cholerae
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000256
2019-02-27
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/mgen/5/3/mgen000256.html?itemId=/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000256&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. WHO Papua New Guinea Health Profile: World Health Organization Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 www.who.int/gho/countries/png.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  2. UNICEF At a glance: Papua New Guinea: UNICEF; 2013 Available from: www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_statistics.html
  3. Greenhill AR, Horwood PF. Cholera in Oceania. In Loukas A. (ed) Neglected Tropical Diseases - Oceania Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2016 pp. 1–31
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Horwood PF, Collins D, Jonduo MH, Rosewell A, Dutta SR et al. Clonal origins of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains, Papua New Guinea, 2009-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:2063–2065 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Horwood PF, Karl S, Mueller I, Jonduo MH, Pavlin BI et al. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea, 2009-2011. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:449 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ali M, Lopez AL, You YA, Kim YE, Sah B et al. The global burden of cholera. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90:209–218 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Harris JB, Larocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Cholera. The Lancet 2012; 379:2466–2476 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Horwood P, Greenhill A. Cholera in Papua New Guinea and the importance of safe water sources and sanitation. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012; 3:3–5 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Greenhill A, Rosewell A, Kas M, Manning L, Latorre L et al. Improved laboratory capacity is required to respond better to future cholera outbreaks in Papua New Guinea. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012; 3:30–32 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Nair GB, Faruque SM, Bhuiyan NA, Kamruzzaman M, Siddique AK et al. New variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3296–3299 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Nair GB, Qadri F, Holmgren J, Svennerholm AM, Safa A et al. Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4211–4213 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Raychoudhuri A, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Takeda Y et al. Biotyping of Vibrio cholerae O1: time to redefine the scheme. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:695–698[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Safa A, Bhuiyan NA, Murphy D, Bates J, Nusrin S et al. Multilocus genetic analysis reveals that the Australian strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 are similar to the pre-seventh pandemic strains of the El Tor biotype. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:105–111 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Mutreja A, Kim DW, Thomson NR, Connor TR, Lee JH et al. Evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic. Nature 2011; 477:462–465 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Keasler SP, Hall RH. Detecting and biotyping Vibrio cholerae O1 with multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1993; 341:1661 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Nguyen BM, Lee JH, Cuong NT, Choi SY, Hien NT et al. Cholera outbreaks caused by an altered Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype strain producing classical cholera toxin B in Vietnam in 2007 to 2008. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1568–1571 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Stamatakis A. RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 2006; 22:2688–2690 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Croucher NJ, Page AJ, Connor TR, Delaney AJ, Keane JA et al. Rapid phylogenetic analysis of large samples of recombinant bacterial whole genome sequences using Gubbins. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e15 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Feng L, Reeves PR, Lan R, Ren Y, Gao C et al. A recalibrated molecular clock and independent origins for the cholera pandemic clones. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4053 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Zankari E, Hasman H, Cosentino S, Vestergaard M, Rasmussen S et al. Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2640–2644 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Didelot X, Pang B, Zhou Z, McCann A, Ni P et al. The role of China in the global spread of the current cholera pandemic. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005072 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Weill FX, Domman D, Njamkepo E, Tarr C, Rauzier J et al. Genomic history of the seventh pandemic of cholera in Africa. Science 2017; 358:785–789 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Klinzing DC, Choi SY, Hasan NA, Matias RR, Tayag E et al. Hybrid Vibrio cholerae El Tor lacking SXT identified as the cause of a cholera outbreak in the Philippines. MBio 2015; 6:e00047-15 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Chin CS, Sorenson J, Harris JB, Robins WP, Charles RC et al. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:33–42 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Piarroux R, Barrais R, Faucher B, Haus R, Piarroux M et al. Understanding the cholera epidemic, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1161–1168 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Domman D, Quilici ML, Dorman MJ, Njamkepo E, Mutreja A et al. Integrated view of Vibrio cholerae in the Americas. Science 2017; 358:789–793 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000256
Loading
/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000256
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary File 1

PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error