An untypeable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli represents one of the dominant types causing human disease

References

1. Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013; 382:209–222 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
2. WHO Diarrhoeal diseases: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) The Initiative for Vaccine Research. (Updated February 2009). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html
   [Google Scholar]
3. von Mentzer A, Connor TR, Wieler LH, Semmler T, Iguchi A et al. Identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) clades with long-term global distribution. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1321–1326 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Iguchi A, Iyoda S, Kikuchi T, Ogura Y, Katsura K et al. A complete view of the genetic diversity of the Escherichia coli O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster. DNA Res 2015; 22:101–107 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Liu B, Knirel YA, Feng L, Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN et al. Structure and genetics of Shigella O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:627–653 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
6. DebRoy C, Fratamico PM, Yan X, Baranzoni G, Liu Y et al. Comparison of O-antigen gene clusters of all O-serogroups of Escherichia coli and proposal for adopting a new nomenclature for O-typing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147434 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Iguchi A, Iyoda S, Seto K, Nishii H, Ohnishi M et al. Six novel O genotypes from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli . Front Microbiol 2016; 7:765 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Joensen KG, Tetzschner AM, Iguchi A, Aarestrup FM, Scheutz F. Rapid and easy in silico serotyping of Escherichia coli isolates by use of whole-genome sequencing data. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2410–2426 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary Genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:1596–1599 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:4673–4680 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Shaheen HI, Khalil SB, Rao MR, Abu Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF et al. Phenotypic profiles of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with early childhood diarrhea in rural Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:5588–5595 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Rodas C, Mamani R, Blanco J, Blanco JE, Wiklund G et al. Enterotoxins, colonization factors, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains isolated from hospitalized children with diarrhea in Bolivia. Braz J Infect Dis 2011; 15:132–137 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Begum YA, Kühn I, Nair GB et al. Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from diarrhoeal patients in Bangladesh using phenotyping and genetic profiling. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:217–222 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Chen Y, Chen X, Zheng S, Yu F, Kong H et al. Serotypes, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of human diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolates circulating in southeastern China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:52–58 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Konishi N, Obata H, Monma C, Nakama A, Kai A et al. Bacteriological and epidemiological characteristics of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated in Tokyo, Japan, between 1966 and 2009. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3348–3351 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Svennerholm AM, Lundgren A. Recent progress toward an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:495–507 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Dedeić-Ljubović A, Hukić M, Bekić D, Zvizdić A. Frequency and distribution of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from pediatric patients with diarrhoea in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2009; 9:148–155[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]