@article{mbs:/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000072, author = "Holmes, Dawn E. and Dang, Yan and Walker, David J. F. and Lovley, Derek R.", title = "The electrically conductive pili of Geobacter species are a recently evolved feature for extracellular electron transfer", journal= "Microbial Genomics", year = "2016", volume = "2", number = "8", pages = "", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000072", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000072", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "2057-5858", type = "Journal Article", keywords = "type IVa PilA", keywords = "extracellular electron transfer", keywords = "Geobacter", keywords = "positive selection", keywords = "e-pilin", keywords = "evolution", eid = "e000072", abstract = "The electrically conductive pili (e-pili) of Geobactersulfurreducens have environmental and practical significance because they can facilitate electron transfer to insoluble Fe(III) oxides; to other microbial species; and through electrically conductive biofilms. E-pili conductivity has been attributed to the truncated PilA monomer, which permits tight packing of aromatic amino acids to form a conductive path along the length of e-pili. In order to better understand the evolution and distribution of e-pili in the microbial world, type IVa PilA proteins from various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were examined with a particular emphasis on Fe(III)-respiring bacteria. E-pilin genes are primarily restricted to a tight phylogenetic group in the order Desulfuromonadales. The downstream gene in all but one of the Desulfuromonadales that possess an e-pilin gene is a gene previously annotated as ‘pilA–C’ that has characteristics suggesting that it may encode an outer-membrane protein. Other genes associated with pilin function are clustered with e-pilin and ‘pilA–C’ genes in the Desulfuromonadales. In contrast, in the few bacteria outside the Desulfuromonadales that contain e-pilin genes, the other genes required for pilin function may have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Of the 95 known Fe(III)-reducing micro-organisms for which genomes are available, 80 % lack e-pilin genes, suggesting that e-pili are just one of several mechanisms involved in extracellular electron transport. These studies provide insight into where and when e-pili are likely to contribute to extracellular electron transport processes that are biogeochemically important and involved in bioenergy conversions.", }