1887

Abstract

Introduction:

serotype 2 is an important swine pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent causing meningitis and septicemia/septic shock. Strains are usually virulent (Eurasia) or of intermediate/low virulence (North America). Very few data regarding human and swine isolates from South America are available.

Case presentation:

Seventeen new human cases in Argentina (16 serotype 2 strains and a serotype 5 strain) are reported. Alongside, 14 isolates from pigs are analyzed: 12 from systemic disease, one from lungs and one from tonsils of a healthy animal. All human serotype 2 strains and most swine isolates are sequence type (ST) 1, as determined by multilocus sequence typing and present a genotype typical of virulent Eurasian ST1 strains. The remaining two strains (recovered from swine lungs and tonsils) are ST28 and possess a genotype typical of low virulence North American strains. Representative human ST1 strains as well as one swine ST28 strain were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing and compared with genomes from GenBank. ST1 strains clustered together with three strains from Vietnam and this cluster is close to another one composed of 11 strains from the United Kingdom.

Conclusion:

Close contact with pigs/pork products, a good surveillance system, and the presence of potentially virulent Eurasian-like serotype 2 strains in Argentina may be an important factor contributing to the higher number of human cases observed. In fact, Argentina is now fifth among Western countries regarding the number of reported human cases after the Netherlands, France, the UK and Poland.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005066
2016-09-01
2024-10-10
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmmcr/3/5/jmmcr005066.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005066&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Alarcón L P., Araya R P., Aguayo C., Fernández J., Illesca V., Zaror A., Vaquero A. 2013; [Laboratory confirmation of Streptococcus suis in Chile]. Rev Chilena Infectol 30:539–540 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Athey T. B., Auger J. P., Teatero S., Dumesnil A., Takamatsu D., Wasserscheid J., Dewar K., Gottschalk M., Fittipaldi N. 2015; Complex population structure and virulence differences among serotype 2 Streptococcus suis strains belonging to sequence type 28. PLoS One 10:e0137760 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Auger J.-P., Fittipaldi N., Benoit-Biancamano M.-O., Segura M., Gottschalk M. 2016; Virulence studies of different sequence types and geographical origins of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in a mouse model of infection. Pathogens 5:48 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bojarska A., Molska E., Janas K., Skoczyńska A., Stefaniuk E., Hryniewicz W., Sadowy E. 2016; Streptococcus suis in invasive human infections in Poland: clonality and determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 35:917–925 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Callejo R., Prieto M., Salamone F., Auger J. P., Goyette-Desjardins G., Gottschalk M. 2014; Atypical Streptococcus suis in man, Argentina, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20:500–502 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chen C., Zhang W., Zheng H., Lan R., Wang H., Du P., Bai X., Ji S., Meng Q. et al. 2013; Minimum core genome sequence typing of bacterial pathogens: a unified approach for clinical and public health microbiology. J Clin Microbiol 51:2582–2591 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Costa A. T., Lobato F. C., Abreu V. L., Assis R. A., Reis R., Uzal F. A. 2005; Serotyping and evaluation of the virulence in mice of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased pigs. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 47:113–115 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Delcher A. L., Salzberg S. L., Phillippy A. M. 2003; Using MUMmer to identify similar regions in large sequence sets. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 10:3
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Doto D. S., Moreno L. Z., Calderaro F. F., Matajira C. E., de Moura Gomes V. T., Ferreira T. S., Mesquita R. E., Timenetsky J., Gottschalk M. et al. 2016; Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs in Brazil. Can J Vet Res 80:106–111[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Fittipaldi N., Xu J., Lacouture S., Tharavichitkul P., Osaki M., Sekizaki T., Takamatsu D., Gottschalk M. 2011; Lineage and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from North America. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2239–2244 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Gomez E., Kennedy C. C., Gottschalk M., Cunningham S. A., Patel R., Virk A. 2014; Streptococcus suis-related prosthetic joint infection and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in a pig farmer in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 52:2254–2258 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Gottschalk M. 2012; Streptococcocis. In Diseases of Swine Edited by Straw B. E., Zimmerman J. J., D’Allaire S., Taylor D. J. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing;
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Gottschalk M., Higgins R., Boudreau M. 1993; Use of polyvalent coagglutination reagents for serotyping of Streptococcus suis . J Clin Microbiol 31:2192–2194[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Gottschalk M., Xu J., Lecours M.-P., Grenier D., Fittipaldi N., Segura M. 2010; Streptococcus suis infections in humans: what is the prognosis for Western countries? (Part II). Clin Microbiol Newsl 32:97–102 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Goyette-Desjardins G., Auger J.-P., Xu J., Segura M., Gottschalk M. 2014; Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent—an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing. Emerg Microb Infect 3:e45 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gustavsson C., Rasmussen C. 2014; Septic arthritis caused by serotype 5 in pig farmer. Emerg Infect Dis 20:489–490 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Huong V. T., Hoa N. T., Horby P., Bryant J. E., Van Kinh N., Toan T. K., Wertheim H. F., Horby V. T., Bryant V. T., Wertheim V. T. 2014; Raw pig blood consumption and potential risk for Streptococcus suis infection, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 20:1895–1898 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kerdsin A., Dejsirilert S., Sawanpanyalert P., Boonnark A., Noithachang W., Sriyakum D., Simkum S., Chokngam S., Gottschalk M. et al. 2011; Sepsis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in Thailand. Lancet 378:960 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. King S. J., Leigh J. A., Heath P. J., Luque I., Tarradas C., Dowson C. G., Whatmore A. M. 2002; Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen Streptococcus suis: identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange. J Clin Microbiol 40:3671–3680 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Li R., Li Y., Kristiansen K., Wang J. 2008; SOAP: short oligonucleotide alignment program. Bioinformatics 24:713–714 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lopreto C., Lopardo H. A., Bardi M. C., Gottschalk M. 2005; [Primary Streptococcus suis meningitis: first case in humans described in Latin America]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 23:110[PubMed] [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Martinez G., Pestana de Castro A. F., Ribeiro Pagnani K. J., Nakazato G., Dias da Silveira W., Gottschalk M. 2003; Clonal distribution of an atypical MRP+, EF*, and suilysin+ phenotype of virulent Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains in Brazil. Can J Vet Res 67:52–55[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Nagel A., Manias V., Busquets N., Sniadowsky S., Anzardi J., Méndez E. L. 2008; [Streptococcus suis meningitis in an immunocompetent patient]. Rev Argent Microbiol 40:158–160[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Okura M., Lachance C., Osaki M., Sekizaki T., Maruyama F., Nozawa T., Nakagawa I., Hamada S., Rossignol C. et al. 2014; Development of a two-step multiplex PCR assay for typing of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of Streptococcus suis . J Clin Microbiol 52:1714–1719 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Rocha D. L., Santos L. F., Santos D. L., Costa W. M. T., Santos J. L. 2012; Sorotipos de Streptococcus suis identificados em suínos com meningite no estado do Paraná. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 64:488–490 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Silva L. M., Baums C. G., Rehm T., Wisselink H. J., Goethe R., Valentin-Weigand P. 2006; Virulence-associated gene profiling of Streptococcus suis isolates by PCR. Vet Microbiol 115:117–127 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Smith H. E., Reek F. H., Vecht U., Gielkens A. L., Smits M. A. 1993; Repeats in an extracellular protein of weakly pathogenic strains of Streptococcus suis type 2 are absent in pathogenic strains. Infect Immun 61:3318–3326[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Stamatakis A. 2006; RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22:2688–2690 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Wertheim H. F., Nguyen H. N., Taylor W., Lien T. T., Ngo H. T., Nguyen T. Q., Nguyen B. N., Nguyen H. H., Nguyen H. M. et al. 2009; Streptococcus suis, an important cause of adult bacterial meningitis in northern Vietnam. PLoS One 4:e5973 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005066
Loading
/content/journal/jmmcr/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005066
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error