In a prospective study between February 2003 and June 2004, stool specimens of children less than 2 years of age with diarrhoea (n=218) and without diarrhoea (n=86), living in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, were examined for the presence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. E. coli isolates were tested by colony blot hybridization with specific DNA probes designed to detect EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EAEC, DAEC and EHEC/STEC. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains were detected as the sole pathogen in stools of 92 (30.3 %) children, including 72 (33.0 %) with diarrhoea and 20 (23.2 %) without diarrhoea. DAEC was the most frequent pathotype and was found significantly more often from patients (18.3 %) than from controls (8.1 %) (P<0.05), particularly among children more than 1 year of age (P=0.01). Atypical EPEC and EAEC isolates were isolated from both patients (5.5 % and 4.6 %, respectively) and controls (6.9 % and 6.9 %, respectively). ETEC was more frequently isolated from patients (3.2 %) than controls (1.2 %). Typical EPEC (0.9 %) and EIEC (0.4 %) isolates were detected only in children with diarrhoea. In conclusion, our data suggest that DAEC should be considered potential pathogens in the region of Brazil studied.
AfsetJ. E.,
BerghK.,
BevangerL.2003; High prevalence of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Norwegian children with diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 52:1015–1019[CrossRef]
AraujoJ. M.,
TabarelliG. F.,
ArandaK. R. S.,
FabbricottiS. H.,
MendesC. M. F.,
Fagundes-NetoU.,
ScaletskyI. C. A.2007; Typical enteroaggregative and atypical enteropathogenic types of Escherichia coli are the most prevalent diarrhea-associated pathotypes among Brazilian children. J Clin Microbiol 45:3396–3399[CrossRef]
BaudryB.,
SavarinoS. J.,
VialP.,
KaperJ. B.,
LevineM. M.1990; A sensitive and specific DNA probe to identify enteroaggregative Escherichia coli , a recently discovered diarrheal pathogen. J Infect Dis 161:1249–1251[CrossRef]
BoketeT. N.,
WhittamT. S.,
WilsonR. A.,
ClausenC. R.,
O'CallahanC. M.,
MoseleyS. L.,
FritscheT. R.,
TarrP. I.1997; Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Escherichia coli with enteropathogenic characteristics isolated from Seattle children. J Infect Dis 75:1382–1389
DulguerM. V.,
FabbricottiS. H.,
BandoS. Y.,
Moreira-FilhoC. A.,
Fagundes-NetoU.,
ScaletskyI. C. A.2003; Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains: phenotypic and genetic profiling reveals a strong association between enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin and diarrhea. J Infect Dis 188:1685–1694[CrossRef]
EcheverriaP.,
OrskovF.,
OrskovI.,
KnuttonS.,
ScheutzF.,
BrownJ. E.,
LexomboonU.1991; Attaching and effacing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as a cause of infantile diarrhea in Bangkok. J Infect Dis 164:550–554[CrossRef]
FangG. D.,
LimaA. A. M.,
MartinsC. V.,
NataroJ. P.,
GuerrantR. I.1995; Etiology and epidemiology of persistent diarrhea in northeastern Brazil: a hospital-based, prospective case-control study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 21:137–144[CrossRef]
FlewettT. H.,
AriasC. F.,
VenecasA.1989; Comparative evaluation of the WHO and DAKOPATTS enzyme-linked immunoassay kits for rotavirus detection. Bull World Health Organ 67:369–374
FranzolinM. R.,
AlvesR. C.,
KellerR.,
GomesT. A.,
BeutinL.,
BarretoM. L.,
MilroyC.,
StrinaA.,
RibeiroH.,
TrabulsiL. R.2005; Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100:359–363[CrossRef]
GermaniY.,
BegaudE.,
DuvalP.,
Le BouguenecC.1996; Prevalence of enteropathogenic, enteroaggregative, and diffusely adherent Escherichia coli among isolates from children with diarrhea in New Caledonia. J Infect Dis 174:1124–1126[CrossRef]
GomesT. A. T.,
RassiV.,
MacDonaldK. L.,
RamosS. R.,
TrabulsiL. R.,
VieiraM. A.,
GuthB. E.,
CandeiasJ. A.,
IveyC.other authors1991; Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease in urban infants in São Paulo. Brazil. J Infect Dis 164:331–337[CrossRef]
GomesT. A. T.,
IrinoK.,
GirãoD. M.,
GirãoV. B. C.,
GuthB. E. C.,
VazT. M. I.,
MoreiraF. C.,
ChinarelliS. H.,
VieiraM. A. M.2004; Emerging enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Emerg Infect Dis 10:1851–1855[CrossRef]
GunzburgS. T.,
ChangB. J.,
ElliotS. J.,
BurkeV.,
GraceyM.1993; Diffuse and enteroaggregative patterns of adherence of enteric Escherichia coli from aboriginal children from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. J Infect Dis 167:755–758[CrossRef]
HedbergC. W.,
SavarinoS. J.,
BesserJ. M.,
PaulusC. J.,
ThelenV. M.,
MyersL. J.,
CameronD. N.,
BarrettT. J.,
KaperJ. B.,
OsterholmM. T.1997; An outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli O39 : NM, an agent not fitting into the existing scheme for classifying diarrheogenic E. coli
. J Infect Dis 176:1625–1628[CrossRef]
JallatC.,
LivrelliV.,
Darfeuille-MichaudA.,
RichC.,
JolyB.1993; Escherichia coli strains involved in diarrhea in France: high prevalence and heterogeneity of diffusely adhering strains. J Clin Microbiol 31:2031–2037
Regua-MangiaA. H.,
GomesT. A. T.,
VieiraM. A. M.,
AndradeJ. R. C.,
IrinoK.,
TeixeiraL. M.2004; Frequency and characteristics of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with and without diarrhoea in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. J Infect 48:161–167[CrossRef]
RosaA. C. P.,
MarianoA. T.,
PereiraM. A. S.,
TibanaA.,
GomesT. A. T.,
AndradeJ. R. C.1998; Enteropathogenicity markers in Escherichia coli from infants with acute diarrhoea and healthy controls in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. J Med Microbiol 47:781–790[CrossRef]
ScaletskyI. C. A.,
PedrosoM. Z.,
OlivaC. A. G.,
CarvalhoR. L. B.,
MoraisM. B.,
Fagundes-NetoU.1999; A localized adherence-like pattern as a second pattern of adherence of classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells that is associated with infantile diarrhea. Infect Immun 67:3410–3415
ScaletskyI. C. A.,
FabbricottiS. H.,
CarvalhoR. L. B.,
NunesC. R.,
MaranhãoH. S.,
MoraisM. B.,
Fagundes-NetoU.2002a; Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli as a cause of acute diarrhea in young children in northeast Brazil: a case-control study. J Clin Microbiol 40:645–648[CrossRef]
ScaletskyI. C. A.,
FabbricottiS. H.,
ArandaK. R.,
MoraisM. B.,
Fagundes-NetoU.2002c; Comparison of DNA hybridization and PCR assays for detection of putative enteroadherent Escherichia coli
. J Clin Microbiol 40:1254–1258[CrossRef]
ScotlandS. M.,
WillshawG. A.,
SmithH. R.,
SaidB.,
StokesN.,
RoweB.1993; Virulence properties of Escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups O26, O55, O111 and O128 isolated in the United Kingdom in 1991 from patients with diarrhoea. Epidemiol Infect 111:429–438[CrossRef]
VieiraM. A. M.,
AndradeJ. R. C.,
TrabulsiL. R.,
RosaA. C. P.,
DiasA. M. G.,
RamosS. R. T. S.,
FrankelG.,
GomesT. A. T.2001; Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Escherichia coli strains of non-enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serogroups that carry eae and lack the EPEC adherence factor and Shiga toxin DNA probe sequences. J Infect Dis 183:762–772[CrossRef]
ViljanenM. K.,
PeltolaT.,
JunnilaS. Y. T.,
OlkkonenL.,
JarvinenH.,
KuistilaM.,
HuovinenP.1990; Outbreak of diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111 : B4 in school children and adults: association of Vi antigen-like reactivity. Lancet 336:831–834[CrossRef]