Candida glabrata colonizes but does not often disseminate from the mouse caecum

References

1. Alexander J. W., Boyce S. T., Babcock G. F., Gianotti L., Peck M. D., Dunn D. L., Pyles T., Childress C. P., Ash S. K. 1990; The process of microbial translocation. Ann Surg 212:496–510 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Andrutis K. A., Riggle P. J., Kumamoto C. A., Tzipori S. 2000; Intestinal lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis in an experimental animal model. J Clin Microbiol 38:2317–2323
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bendel C. M., Wiesner S. M., Garni R. M., Cebelinski E., Wells C. L. 2002; Cecal colonization and systemic spread of Candida albicans in mice treated with antibiotics and dexamethasone. Pediatr Res 51:290–295 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bendel C. M., Hess D. J., Garni R. M., Henry-Stanley M., Wells C. L. 2003; Comparative virulence of Candida albicans yeast and filamentous forms in orally and intravenously inoculated mice. Crit Care Med 31:501–507 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Berg R., Bernasconi P., Fowler D., Gautreaux M. 1993; Inhibition of Candida albicans translocation from the gastrointestinal tract of mice by oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii . J Infect Dis 168:1314–1318 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Blijlevens N. M. A., Donnelly J. P., De Pauw B. E. 2002; Impaired gut function as risk factor for invasive candidiasis in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 117:259–264 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Blot S., Vandewoude K., Hoste E., Poelaert J., Colardyn F. 2001; Outcomes in critically ill patients with candidal fungaemia: Candida albicans vs. Candida glabrata . J Hosp Infect 47:308–313 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Brieland J., Essig D., Jackson C., Frank D., Loebenberg D., Menzel F., Arnold B., DiDomenico B., Hare R. 2001; Comparison of pathogenesis and host immune responses to Candida glabrata and Candida albicans in systemically infected immunocompetent mice. Infect Immun 69:5046–5055 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Cantorna M. T., Balish E. 1990; Mucosal and systemic candidiasis in congenitally immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 58:1093–1100
   [Google Scholar]
10. Charles P. E., Doise J. M., Quenot J. P., Aube H., Dalle F., Chavanet P., Nilesi N., Aho L. S., Portier H., Blettery B. 2003; Candidemia in critically ill patients: difference of outcome between medical and surgical patients. Intensive Care Med 29:2162–2169 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cole G. T., Halawa A. A., Anaissie E. J. 1996; The role of the gastrointestinal tract in hematogenous candidiasis: from laboratory to the bedside. Clin Infect Dis 22 (Suppl. 2):S73–S88 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Csank C., Haynes K. 2000; Candida glabrata displays pseudohyphal growth. FEMS Microbiol Lett 189:115–120 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Czuprynski C. J., Brown J. F., Maroushek N., Wagner R. D., Steinberg H. 1994; Administration of anti-granulocyte mAb RB6-8C5 impairs the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol 152:1836–1846
    [Google Scholar]
14. Deitch E. A., Specian R. D., Berg R. D. 1991; Endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation and mucosal permeability: role of xanthine oxidase, complement activation, and macrophage products. Crit Care Med 19:785–791 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Dienstknecht T., Schwacha M. G., Kang S. C., Rue L. W., Bland K. I., Chaudry I. H. 2004; Sex steroid-mediated regulation of macrophage/monocyte function in a two-hit model of trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis. Cytokine 25:110–118 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Ekenna O., Sherertz R. J. 1987; Factors affecting colonization and dissemination of Candida albicans from the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Infect Immun 55:1558–1563
    [Google Scholar]
17. Fidel P. L., Vazquez J. A., Sobel J. D. 1999; Candida glabrata : review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans . Clin Microbiol Rev 12:80–96
    [Google Scholar]
18. Helstrom P. B., Balish E. 1979; Effect of oral tetracycline, the microbial flora, and the athymic state on gastrointestinal colonization and infection of BALB/c mice with Candida albicans . Infect Immun 23:764–774
    [Google Scholar]
19. Henry-Stanley M. J., Hess D. J., Erickson E. A., Garni R. M., Wells C. L. 2003; Effect of lipopolysaccharide on virulence of intestinal Candida albicans . J Surg Res 113:42–49 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Kennedy M. J., Volz P. A. 1985; Ecology of Candida albicans gut colonization: inhibition of Candida adhesion, colonization, and dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial antagonism. Infect Immun 49:654–663
    [Google Scholar]
21. Kim A. S., Garni R. M., Henry-Stanley M. J., Bendel C. M., Erlandsen S. L., Wells C. L. 2003; Hypoxia and extraintestinal dissemination of Candida albicans yeast forms. Shock 19:257–262 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Magnotti L. J., Deitch E. A. 2005; Burns, bacterial translocation, gut barrier function, and failure. J Burn Care Rehab 26:383–391 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
23. Mazur L., Augustynek A., Daptata A., Halicka H. D., Bedner E. 2002; Effects of WR-2721 and cyclophosphamide on the cell cycle phase specificity of apoptosis in mouse bone marrow. Anticancer Drugs 13:751–758 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
24. Mishima S., Yukioka T., Matsuda H., Shimazaki S. 1997; Mild hypertension and body burns synergistically increase bacterial translocation in rats consistent with a ‘two-hit phenomenon’. J Burn Care Rehabil 18:22–26 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. Miyazaki S., Fujikawa T., Kobayashi I., Matsumoto T., Tateda K., Yamaguchi K. 2001; Development of systemic bacteremia after oral inoculation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in mice. J Med Microbiol 50:695–701
    [Google Scholar]
26. Pappas P. G., Rex J. H., Lee J., Hamill R. J., Larsen R. A., Powderly W., Kauffman C. A., Hyslop N., Mangino J. E. other authors 2003; A perspective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin Infect Dis 37:634–643 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
27. Peres-Bota D., Rodriguez-Villalobos H., Dimopoulos G., Melot C., Vincent J.-L. 2004; Potential risk factors for infection with Candida spp. in critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:550–555 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
28. Rangel-Frausto M. S., Wiblin T., Blumberg H. M., Saiman L., Patterson J., Rinaldi M., Pfaller M., Edwards J. E. Jr, Jarvis W. other authors 1999; National epidemiology of mycoses survey (NEMIS): variations in rates of bloodstream infections due to Candida species in seven surgical intensive care units and six neonatal intensive care units. NEMIS Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 29:253–258 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
29. Ruhnke M. 2006; Epidemiology of Candida albicans infections and role of non- Candida albicans yeasts. Curr Drug Targets 7:495–504 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
30. Salman F. T., Buyruk M. N., Celik A. 1992; The effect of surgical trauma on the bacterial translocation from the gut. J Pediatr Surg 27:802–804 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
31. Spellberg B., Ibrahim A. S., Edwards J. E. Jr, Filler S. G. 2005; Mice with disseminated candidiasis die of progressive sepsis. J Infect Dis 192:336–343 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
32. Suzuki T., Shimizu T., Szalay L., Choudhry M. A., Rue L. W., Bland K. I., Chaudry I. H. 2006; Androstenediol ameliorates alterations in immune cells cytokine production capacity in a two-hit model of trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis. Cytokine 34:76–84 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
33. Weinberger M., Leibovici L., Perez S., Samra Z., Ostfeld I., Levi I., Bash E., Turner D., Goldschmied-Reouven A. other authors 2005; Characteristics of candidemia with Candida albicans compared with non-albicans Candida species and predictors of mortality. J Hosp Infect 61:146–154 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
34. Wells C. L., Maddaus M. A., Reynolds C. M., Jechorek R. P., Simmons R. L. 1987; Role of anaerobic flora in the translocation of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic intestinal bacteria. Infect Immun 55:2689–2694
    [Google Scholar]
35. Wiesner S. M., Jechorek R. P., Garni R. M., Bendel C. M., Wells C. L. 2001; Gastrointestinal colonization of Candida albicans mutant strains in antibiotic-treated mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:192–195
    [Google Scholar]
36. Winn W., Allen S., Janda W., Koneman E., Procop G., Schreckenberger P., Woods G. 2006 Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology , 6th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins;
    [Google Scholar]
37. Wisplinghoff H., Bischoff T., Tallent S. M., Seifert H., Wenzel R. P., Edmond M. B. 2004; Nosocomial blood stream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39:309–317 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]