1887

Journal of Medical Microbiology logo

Volume 55, Issue 9

Effect of antifungal treatment on the prevalence of yeasts in HIV-infected subjects Free

Abstract

Oral candidiasis, the most common opportunistic infection in patients with HIV infection, is usually associated with . Several factors may influence the carriage of , including immunocompromised conditions and HIV infection, colonization by yeasts from different geographical areas and antimycotic treatment. This study investigated the carrier rate, level and types of yeast in HIV-positive and -negative subjects, and the effect of previous exposure to antifungal drugs on the level of yeasts in HIV-positive patients in Gauteng, South Africa. Unstimulated saliva was collected from 332 HIV-positive patients and 100 HIV-negative subjects and cultured for yeasts. The number and species of yeast were determined. HIV-positive patients who carried yeasts were divided into two groups depending upon their previous antifungal drug exposure, and the level of carriage in each group was compared. The carrier rate in the HIV-positive patients (81.3 %) was slightly higher than previously reported and significantly higher (<0.001) than in the HIV-negative group (63 %). The carrier rate in the HIV-negative group was also higher than in earlier studies. Fourteen per cent of the HIV-positive patients carried more than 10 000 c.f.u. ml whereas none of the HIV-negative subjects carried this large a number of yeasts (<0.001). Seventy per cent of the yeasts were identified as and approximately 30 % as non- species. In conclusion, the carrier rate is higher in the South African population than elsewhere. HIV-positive patients carry more and a greater variety of yeasts than HIV-negative subjects. Exposure to antifungal drugs has no effect on the level of yeast carriage in HIV-positive patients.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
SGM
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46588-0
2006-09-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/55/9/1279.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46588-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Belazi M., Velegraki A., Koussidou-Eremondi T., Andreadis D., Hini S., Arsenis G., Eliopoulou C., Destouni E., Antoniades D. 2004; Oral Candida isolates in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: prevalence, azole susceptibility profiles and response to antifungal treatment. Oral Microbiol Immunol 19:347–351 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Blignaut E., Raubenheimer E., van Heerden W. F. P., Senekal R., Dreyer M. J. 1995; Oral yeast flora of a Kalahari population. J Dent Assoc S Afr 50:601–604
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bodey G., Bueltmann B., Duguid W. & 11 other authors; 1992; Fungal infections in cancer patients: an international autopsy survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11:99–109 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Boerlin P., Boerlin-Petzold F., Durussel C., Addo M., Pagani J. L., Chave J. P., Bille J. 1995; Cluster of atypical Candida isolates in a group of human immunodeficiency virus-positive drug users. J Clin Microbiol 33:1129–1135
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Campisi G., Pizzo G., Milici M. E., Mancuso S., Margiotta V. 2002; Candida carriage in the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 93:281–286 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Cherifi S., Robberecht J., Miendje Y. 2004; Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an elderly patient with Clostridium difficile colitis. Acta Clin Belg 59:223–224 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Darwazeh A. M., Al-Dosari A., Al-bagieh N. H. 2002; Oral Candida and nasal Aspergillus flora in a group of Saudi healthy dentate subjects. Int Dent J 52:273–277 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Diamond R. D. 1991; The growing problem of mycoses in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Infect Dis 13:480–486 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Doebbeling B. N., Hollis R. J., Isenberg H. D., Wenzel R. P., Pfaller M. A. 1991; Restriction fragment analysis of a Candida tropicalis outbreak of sternal wound infections. J Clin Microbiol 29:1268–1270
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Dorrington R., Bradshaw D., Johnson L., Budlender D. 2004 The Demographic Impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. National Indicators for 2004 Cape Town: Centre for Actuarial Research, South African Medical Research Council and Actuarial Society of South Africa;
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Fidel P. L. Jr 2006; Candida -host interactions in HIV disease: relationships in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Adv Dent Res 19:80–84 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Greenspan D. 1994; Treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78:211–215 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Gugnani H. C., Becker K., Fegeler W., Basu S., Chattopadhya D., Baveja U., Satyanarayana S., Kalghatgi T., Murlidhar A. 2003; Oropharyngeal carriage of Candida species in HIV-infected patients in India. Mycoses 46:299–306
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Hauman C. H., Thompson I. O., Theunissen F., Wolfaardt P. 1993; Oral carriage of Candida in healthy and HIV-seropositive persons. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 76:570–572 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Henry S., D'Hondt L., Andre M., Holemans X., Canon J. L. 2004; Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a head and neck cancer patient: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg 59:220–222 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Hoegl L., Thoma-Greber E., Rocken M., Korting H. C. 1998; Persistent oral candidiasis by non-albicans Candida strains including Candida glabrata in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient observed over a period of 6 years. Mycoses 41:335–338 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Jabra-Rizk M. A., Falkler W. A., Enwonwu C. O., Onwujekwe D. I., Merz G., Meiller T. F. 2001; Prevalence of yeast among children in Nigeria and the United States. Oral Microbiol Immunol 16:383–385 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Johnson E. M., Warnock D. W., Luker J., Porter S. R., Scully C. 1995; Emergence of azole drug resistance in Candida species from HIV-infected patients receiving prolonged fluconazole therapy for oral candidosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 35:103–114 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Kadir T., Uygun B., Akyuz S. 2005; Prevalence of Candida species in Turkish children: relationship between dietary intake and carriage. Arch Oral Biol 50:33–37 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Knight L., Fletcher J. 1971; Growth of Candida albicans in saliva: stimulation by glucose associated with antibiotics, corticosteroids and diabetes mellitus. J Infect Dis 123:371–377 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. MacKeown J. M., Faber W. M. 2004; Frequency of food items consumed by young rural and urban African children – essential knowledge to provide dietary advice in caries prevention. Int Dent J 54:284–290 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Magaldi S., Mata S., Hartung C., Verde G., Deibis L., Roldan Y., Marcano C. 2001; In vitro susceptibility of 137 Candida sp. isolates from HIV positive patients to several antifungal drugs. Mycopathologia 149:63–68 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Masipa J. N., Hauman C. H., Raubenheimer E. J. 1992; Oral carriage of Candida species in patients visiting the Medunsa Dental Clinic. J Dent Assoc S Afr 47:407–409
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Milan E. P., Kallas E. G., Costa P. R., da Matta D. A., Lopes Colombo A. 2001; Oral colonization by Candida spp. among AIDS household contacts. Mycoses 44:273–277 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Patton L. L., Phelan J. A., Ramos-Gomez F. J., Nittayananta W., Shiboski C. H., Mbuguye T. L. 2002; Prevalence and classification of HIV-associated oral lesions. Oral Dis 8 (Suppl. 2):98–109 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Paya C. V. 1993; Fungal infections in solid-organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 16:677–688 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Pendrak M. L., Yan S. S., Roberts D. D. 2004; Sensing the host environment: recognition of hemoglobin by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans . Arch Biochem Biophys 426:148–156 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Pfaller M. A. 1996; Nosocomial candidiasis: emerging species, reservoirs, and modes of transmission. Clin Infect Dis 22 (Suppl. 2):S89–S94 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Pinjon E., Sullivan D., Salkin I., Shanley D., Coleman D. 1998; Simple, inexpensive, reliable method for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans . J Clin Microbiol 36:2093–2095
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Pizzo G., Giuliana G., Milici M. E., Giangreco R. 2000; Effect of dietary carbohydrates on the in vitro epithelial adhesion of Candida albicans , Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei . New Microbiol 23:63–71
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Pongsiriwet S., Iamaroon A., Sriburee P., Pattanaporn K., Krisanaprakornkit S. 2004; Oral colonization of Candida species in perinatally-HIV infected children in northern Thailand. J Oral Sci 46:101–105 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Powderly W. G. 1992; Mucosal candidiasis caused by non-albicans species of Candida in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 6:604–605 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Price M. F., LaRocco M. T., Gentry L. O. 1994; Fluconazole susceptibilities of Candida species and distribution of species recovered from blood cultures over a 5-year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1422–1424 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Qi Q. G., Hu T., Zhou X. D. 2005; Frequency, species and molecular characterization of oral Candida in hosts of different age in China. J Oral Pathol Med 34:352–356 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Redding S. W., Dahiya M. C., Kirkpatrick W. R., Coco B. J., Patterson T. F., Fothergill A. W., Rinaldi M. G., Thomas C. R. Jr 2004a; Candida glabrata is an emerging cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 97:47–52 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Redding S. W., Marr K. A., Kirkpatrick W. R., Coco B. J., Patterson T. F. 2004b; Candida glabrata sepsis secondary to oral colonization in bone marrow transplantation. Med Mycol 42:479–481 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Reichart P. A., Samaranayake L. P., Samaranayake Y. H., Grote M., Pow E., Cheung B. 2002; High oral prevalence of Candida krusei in leprosy patients in northern Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 40:4479–4485 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Roilides E., Farmaki E., Evdoridou J. & 7 other authors; 2003; Candida tropicalis in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiologic and molecular analysis of an outbreak of infection with an uncommon neonatal pathogen. J Clin Microbiol 41:735–741 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Samaranayake L. P., Hughes A., MacFarlane T. W. 1984; The proteolytic potential of Candida albicans in human saliva supplemented with glucose. J Med Microbiol 17:13–22 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Sanchez V., Vazquez J. A., Barth-Jones D., Dembry L., Sobel J. D., Zervos M. J. 1993; Nosocomial acquisition of Candida parapsilosis : an epidemiologic study. Am J Med 94:577–582 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Schmidt-Westhausen A., Schiller R. A., Pohle H. D., Reichart P. A. 1991; Oral Candida and Enterobacteriaceae in HIV-1 infection: correlation with clinical candidiasis and antimycotic therapy. J Oral Pathol Med 20:469–472 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Staib P., Morschhauser J. 1999; Chlamydospore formation on Staib agar as a species-specific characteristic of Candida dubliniensis . Mycoses 42:521–524 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Sweet S. P., Howell S. A., Abebe B., Naglik J. R. 2002; Oral colonization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Oral Dis 8 (Suppl. 2):185
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Teanpaisan R., Nittayananta W. 1998; Prevalence of Candida species in AIDS patients and HIV-free subjects in Thailand. J Oral Pathol Med 27:4–7
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Torres S. R., Peixoto C. B., Caldas D. M., Silva E. B., Magalhaes F. A., Uzeda M., Nucci M. 2003; Clinical aspects of Candida species carriage in saliva of xerostomic subjects. Med Mycol 41:411–415 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Tsang C. S., Samaranayake L. P. 2000; Oral yeasts and coliforms in HIV-infected individuals in Hong Kong. Mycoses 43:303–308 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Tumbarello M., Tacconelli E., Caldarola G., Morace G., Cauda R., Ortona L. 1997; Fluconazole resistant oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patient. Oral Dis 3 (Suppl. 1):S110–S112 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Wingard J. R. 1994; Infections due to resistant Candida species in patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. Clin Infect Dis 19 (Suppl. 1):S49–S53 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Wingard J. R., Merz W. G., Rinaldi M. G., Johnson T. R., Karp J. E., Saral R. 1991; Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 325:1274–1277 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Wingard J. R., Merz W. G., Rinaldi M. G., Miller C. B., Karp J. E., Saral R. 1993; Association of Torulopsis glabrata infections with fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1847–1849 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46588-0
Loading
Effect of antifungal treatment on the prevalence of yeasts in HIV-infected subjects
J. Med. Microbiol. 55, 1279 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46588-0
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46588-0
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46588-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error