Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections of man have been associated with consumption of unpasteurized goat's milk and direct contact with kid goats on petting farms, yet little is known about colonization of goats with this organism. To assess the contribution of flagella and intimin of E. coli O157 : H7 in colonization of the goat, 8-week-old conventionally reared goats were inoculated orally in separate experiments with 1×1010 c.f.u. of a non-verotoxigenic strain of E. coli O157 : H7 (strain NCTC 12900 Nalr), an aflagellate derivative (DMB1) and an intimin-deficient derivative (DMB2). At 24 h after inoculation, the three E. coli O157 : H7 strains were shed at approximately 5×104 c.f.u. (g faeces)−1 from all animals. Significantly fewer intimin-deficient bacteria were shed only on days 2 (P = 0.003) and 4 (P = 0.014), whereas from day 7 to 29 there were no differences. Tissues from three animals inoculated with wild-type E. coli O157 : H7 strain NCTC 12900 Nalr were sampled at 24, 48 and 96 h after inoculation and the organism was cultured from the large intestine of all three animals and from the duodenum and ileum of the animal examined at 96 h. Tissues were examined histologically but attaching-effacing (AE) lesions were not observed at any intestinal site of the animals examined at 24 or 48 h. However, the animal examined at 96 h, which had uniquely shed approximately 1×107E. coli O157 : H7 (g faeces)−1 for the preceding 3 days, showed a heavy, diffuse infection with cryptosporidia and abundant, multifocal AE lesions in the distal colon, rectum and at the recto-anal junction. These AE lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemistry to be associated with E. coli O157 : H7.
BarlowA. M.,
WalesA. D.,
BurchA. A.,
La RagioneR. M.,
WoodwardM. J.,
PearsonG. R.2004; Attaching and effacing lesions in the intestines of an adult goat associated with natural infection with Escherichia coli O145. Vet Rec 155:807–808
BatissonI.,
GuimondM.-P.,
GirardF.,
AnH.,
ZhuC.,
OswaldE.,
FairbrotherJ. M.,
JacquesM.,
HarelJ.2003; Characterisation of the novel factor Paa involved in the early steps of the adhesion mechanism of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli
. Infect Immun 71:4516–4525[CrossRef]
BestA.,
La RagioneR. M.,
SayersA. R.,
WoodwardM. J.2005; A role for flagella but not intimin in the persistent infection of the gastro-intestines of specific pathogen free chicks by Stx-negative Escherichia coli O157 :H7 (NCTC12900). Infect Immun 73: (in press) 4525
BlancoJ.,
BlancoM.,
BlancoJ. E. & 9 other authors; 2003; Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in Spain: prevalence, serotypes, and virulence genes of O157 : H7 and non-O157 VTEC in ruminants, raw beef products, and humans. Exp Biol Med 228:345–351
ChapmanP. A.,
SiddonsC. A.,
Gerdan MaloA. T.,
HarkinM. A.1997; A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. Epidemiol Infect 119:245–250[CrossRef]
ChapmanP. A.,
CornellJ.,
GreenC.2000; Infection with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 during a visit to an inner city open farm. Epidemiol Infect 125:531–536[CrossRef]
CidD.,
Ruiz-Santa-QuiteriaJ. A.,
MarínI.,
SanzR.,
OrdenJ. A.,
AmilsR.,
de la FuenteR.2001; Association between intimin ( eae ) and EspB gene subtypes in attaching effacing Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids. Microbiology 147:2341–2353
de la FuenteR.,
LuzonM.,
Ruiz-Santa-QuiteriaJ. A.,
GarciaA.,
CidD.,
OrdenJ. A.,
GarciaS.,
SanzR.,
Gomez-BautistaM.1999; Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enteropathogens in 1 to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Vet Parasitol 80:179–185[CrossRef]
de la FuenteR.,
GarciaS.,
OrdenJ. A.,
Ruiz-Santa-QuiteriaJ. A.,
DiezR.,
CidD.2002; Prevalence and characteristics of attaching and effacing strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and healthy sheep and goats. Am J Vet Res 63:262–266[CrossRef]
Dean-NystromE. A.,
BosworthB. T.,
O'BrienA. D.,
MoonH. W.1999; Bovine infection with Escherichia coli O157 : H7. In E. coli O157 in Farm Animals Edited by
StewartC. S,
FlintH. J.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International;
DuhamelG. E.,
MoxleyR. A.,
MaddoxC. W.,
EricksonE. D.1992; Enteric infection of a goat with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O103 : H2). J Vet Diagn Invest 4:197–200[CrossRef]
FeganN.,
DesmarchelierP.1999; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep and pre-slaughter lambs in eastern Australia. Lett Appl Microbiol 28:335–339[CrossRef]
FoschinoR.,
InvernizziA.,
BaruccoR.,
StradiottoK.2002; Microbial composition, including the incidence of pathogens, of goat milk from the Bergamo region of Italy during a lactation year. J Dairy Res 69:213–225
GriffinP. M.,
TauxeR. V.1991; The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157 : H7, other enterohaemorrhagic E.coli , and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 13:60–98
GunningR. F.,
WalesA. D.,
PearsonG. R.,
DoneE.,
CooksonA. L.,
WoodwardM. J.2001; Attaching and effacing lesions in the intestines of two calves associated with natural infection with Escherichia coli O26 : H11. Vet Rec 148:780–782[CrossRef]
HeuvelinkA. E.,
van den BiggelaarF. L.,
de BoerE.,
HerbesR. G.,
MelchersW. J.,
Huis in ‘t VeldJ. H.,
MonnensL. A.1998; Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 strains from Dutch cattle and sheep. J Clin Microbiol 36:878–882
HeuvelinkA. E.,
van HeerwaardenC.,
Zwartkruis-NahuisJ. T.,
van OosteromR.,
EdinkK.,
van DuynhovenY. T.,
de BoerE.2002; Escherichia coli O157 infection associated with a petting zoo. Epidemiol Infect 129:295–302
JankeB. H.,
FrancisD. H.,
CollinsJ. E.,
LibalM. C.,
ZemanD. H.,
JohnsonD. D.,
NeigerR. D.1990; Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infection as a cause of diarrhea in young calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:897–901
JohnsonE. H.,
MuirheadD. E.,
WindsorJ. J.,
KingG. J.,
Al-BusaidyR.,
CorneliusR.1999; Atypical outbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis in the Sultanate of Oman. Vet Rec 145:521–524[CrossRef]
JordanD. M.,
CornickN.,
TorresA. G.,
Dean-NystromE. A.,
KaperJ. B.,
MoonH. W.2004; Long polar fimbriae contribute to colonization by Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in vivo
. Infect Immun 72:6168–6171[CrossRef]
KarmaliM. A.,
SteeleB. T.,
PetricM.,
LimC.1983; Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools. Lancet i:619–620
LockingM. E.,
O'BrienS. J.,
ReillyW. J.,
WrightE. M.,
CampbellD. M.,
CoiaJ. E.,
BrowningL. M.,
RamsayC. N.2001; Risk factors for sporadic cases of Escherichia coli O157 infection: the importance of contact with animal excreta. Epidemiol Infect 127:215–220
McIntyreL.,
FungJ.,
PaccagnellaA.,
Isaac-RentonJ.,
RockwellF.,
EmersonB.,
PrestonT.2002; Escherichia coli O157 outbreak associated with the ingestion of unpasteurized goat's milk in British Columbia, 2001. Can Commun Dis Rep 28:6–8
MoonH. W.,
McClurkinA. W.,
IsaacsonR. E.,
PohlenzJ.,
SkartvedtS. M.,
GilletteK. G.,
BaetzA. L.1978; Pathogenic relationships of rotavirus, Escherichia coli , and other agents in mixed infections in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:577–583
NaylorS. W.,
LowJ. C.,
BesserT. E.,
MahajanA.,
GunnG. J.,
PearceM. C.,
McKendrickI. J.,
SmithD. G.,
GallyD. L.2003; Lymphoid follicle-dense mucosa at the terminal rectum is the principal site of colonization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in the bovine host. Infect Immun 71:1505–1512[CrossRef]
NoordeenF.,
HoraldagodaN. U.,
FaizalA. C. M.,
RajapakseR. P. V. J.,
RazakM. A. A.,
ArulkanthanA.2002; Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from asymptomatic adult goats to mice and goat kids. Vet Parasitol 103:217–225[CrossRef]
OrdenJ. A.,
Ruiz-Santa-QuiteriaJ. A.,
BlancoM.,
BlancoJ. E.,
MoraA.,
CidD.,
GonzalezE. A.,
BlancoJ.,
de la FuenteR.2003a; Prevalence and characterization of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy sheep and goats. Epidemiol Infect 130:313–321[CrossRef]
OrdenJ. A.,
YusteM.,
CidD.,
PiacesiT.,
MartinezS.,
Ruiz-Santa-QuiteriaJ. A.,
de la FuenteR.2003b; Typing of the eae and espB genes of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli isolates from ruminants. Vet Microbiol 96:203–215[CrossRef]
PayneC. J.,
PetrovicM.,
RobertsR. J. & 9 other authors; 2003; Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 gastroenteritis in farm visitors, North Wales. Emerg Infect Dis 9:526–530[CrossRef]
PritchardG. C.,
WillshawG. A.,
BaileyJ. R.,
CarsonT.,
CheastyT.2000; Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on a farm open to the public: outbreak investigation and longitudinal bacteriological study. Vet Rec 147:259–264[CrossRef]
RileyL. W.,
RemisR. S.,
HelgersonS. D. & 9 other authors; 1983; Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. N Engl J Med 308:681–685[CrossRef]
ShengH.,
DavisM. A.,
KnechtH. J.,
HovdeC. J.2004; Rectal administration of Escherichia coli O157 : H7: novel model for colonization of ruminants. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4588–4595[CrossRef]
SmithH. R.,
ScotlandS. M.1993; Isolation and identification methods for Escherichia coli O157 and other Vero cytotoxin producing strains. J Clin Pathol 46:10–17[CrossRef]
TziporiS.,
SmithM.,
HalpinC.,
AngusK. W.,
SherwoodD.,
CampbellI.1983; Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Vet Rec 112:116–120[CrossRef]
WalesA. D.,
Clifton-HadleyF. A.,
CooksonA. L.,
Dibb-FullerM. P.,
La RagioneR. M.,
SprigingsK. A.,
PearsonG. R.,
WoodwardM. J.2001a; Experimental infection of six-month-old sheep with Escherichia coli O157 : H7. Vet Rec 148:630–631[CrossRef]
WalesA. D.,
PearsonG. R.,
SkuseA. M.,
RoeJ. M.,
HayesC. M.,
CooksonA. L.,
WoodwardM. J.2001b; Attaching and effacing lesions caused by Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in experimentally inoculated neonatal lambs. J Med Microbiol 50:752–758
WalesA. D.,
Clifton-HadleyF. A.,
CooksonA. L.,
Dibb-FullerM. P.,
La RagioneR. M.,
PearsonG. R.,
WoodwardM. J.2002; Production of attaching-effacing lesions in ligated large intestine loops of 6-month-old sheep by Escherichia coli O157 : H7. J Med Microbiol 51:755–763
WalesA. D.,
PearsonG. R.,
RoeJ. M.,
HayesC. M.,
La RagioneR. M.,
WoodwardM. J.2005; Attaching-effacing lesions associated with Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and other bacteria in experimentally infected conventional neonatal goats. J Comp Pathol 132:185–193[CrossRef]