1887

Abstract

Most HIV positive people have not been tested for viral hepatitis and their treatments have not been optimized for possible co-infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the serological pattern of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among antiretroviral (ARV)-naive and -experienced HIV co-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 500 frozen HIV positive serum and plasma samples collected from ARV-naive ( = 250) and -experienced ( = 250) adults were randomly selected and screened for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HCV using rapid two-site sandwich immunochromatographic assay. The test was performed at Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University. Positive specimens for HBsAg and anti-HCV markers were further confirmed using third generation ELISA. Of the 500 specimens tested, 15 (3 %), 58 (11.6 %), 3 (0.6 %), 18 (3.6 %), 3 (0.6 %) and 1 (0.2 %) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. No specimen tested positive for both HBeAg and anti-HBs, and 442 (88.4 %) individuals were non-immune to HBV. Of the 250 ARV-naive individuals, 8 (3.2 %), 33 (13.2 %), 2 (0.8 %), 10 (4 %), 2 (0.8 %), and 1 (0.4 %) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. Of the 250 ARV-experienced individuals, 7 (2.8 %), 25 (10 %), 1 (0.4 %), 8 (3.2 %), 1 (0.4 %), and 0 (0 %) were positive for HBsAg, Anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. In summary, seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections was lower in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, than in Sub-Saharan Africa and globally. HBV and HCV infections were not significantly different between HIV positive subjects who were or who were not on ARV. This suggests that the two groups have equal chance of being infected with these two viruses; despite this, disease progression could be different.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.063321-0
2014-05-01
2024-03-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/63/5/742.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.063321-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abebe A., Nokes D. J., Dejene A., Enquselassie F., Messele T., Cutts F. T. 2003; Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: transmission patterns and vaccine control. Epidemiol Infect 131:757–770 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ayele W., Nokes D. J., Abebe A., Messele T., Dejene A., Enquselassie F., Rinke de Wit T. F., Fontanet A. L. 2002; Higher prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative inhabitants of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Med Virol 68:12–17 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Barth R. E., Huijgen Q., Taljaard J., Hoepelman A. I. 2010; Hepatitis B/C and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: an association between highly prevalent infectious diseases. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 14:e1024–e1031 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. FMOH 2007; Guidelines for HIV Counseling and Testing in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125384.pdf
  5. Frommel D., Tekle-Haimanot R., Berhe N., Aussel L., Verdier M., Preux P. M., Denis F. 1993; A survey of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:435–439[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ghany M. G., Strader D. B., Thomas D. L., Seeff L. B. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases 2009; Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology 49:1335–1374 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Graham C. S., Baden L. R., Yu E., Mrus J. M., Carnie J., Heeren T., Koziel M. J. 2001; Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 33:562–569 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Hsu Y. S., Chien R. N., Yeh C. T., Sheen I. S., Chiou H. Y., Chu C. M., Liaw Y. F. 2002; Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 35:1522–1527 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Koziel M. J., Peters M. G. 2007; Viral hepatitis in HIV infection. N Engl J Med 356:1445–1454 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Lada O., Benhamou Y., Poynard T., Thibault V. 2006; Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and anti-HBs antibodies in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers: influence of “a” determinant variants. J Virol 80:2968–2975 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Lee J. M., Ahn S. H. 2011; Quantification of HBsAg: basic virology for clinical practice. World J Gastroenterol 17:283–289 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Manyazewal T., Paterniti A. D., Redfield R. R., Marinucci F. 2013; Role of secondary level laboratories in strengthening quality at primary level health facilities’ laboratories: an innovative approach to ensure accurate HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria test results in resource-limited settings. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 75:55–59 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Miller L. C. 2005; International adoption: infectious diseases issues. Clin Infect Dis 40:286–293 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Rao T. V., Suseela I. J., Sathiavathy K. A. 2008; Estimation of antibodies to HBsAg in vaccinated health care workers. Indian J Med Microbiol 26:93–94 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Rusine J., Ondoa P., Asiimwe-Kateera B., Boer K. R., Uwimana J. M., Mukabayire O., Zaaijer H., Mugabekazi J., Reiss P., van de Wijgert J. H. 2013; High seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection in HIV-infected adults in Kigali, Rwanda. PLoS ONE 8:e63303 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Saha D., Pal A., Biswas A., Panigrahi R., Sarkar N., Sarkar J., Pal M., Guha S. K., Saha B. other authors 2013; Characterization of treatment-naive HIV/HBV co-infected patients attending ART clinic of a tertiary healthcare centre in eastern India. PLoS ONE 8:e73613 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Shimelis T., Torben W., Medhin G., Tebeje M., Andualm A., Demessie F., Mulu A., Tegbaru B., Gebre-Selassie S. 2008) Hepatitis B virus infection among people attending the voluntary counselling and testing centre and anti-retroviral therapy clinic of St Paul’s General Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sex Transm Infect 84:37–41 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Soriano V., Mocroft A., Peters L., Rockstroh J., Antunes F., Kirkby N., de Wit S., d'Arminio Monforte A., Flisiak R., Lundgren J. 2010; Predictors of hepatitis B virus genotype and viraemia in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis B in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:548–555 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Taye S., Lakew M. 2013; Impact of hepatitis C virus co-infection on HIV patients before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy: an immunological and clinical chemistry observation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Immunol 14:23 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Taylor L. E., Swan T., Mayer K. H. 2012; HIV coinfection with hepatitis C virus: evolving epidemiology and treatment paradigms. Clin Infect Dis 55:Suppl. 1S33–S42 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Thio C. L., Seaberg E. C., Skolasky R. Jr, Phair J., Visscher B., Muñoz A., Thomas D. L. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 2002; HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 360:1921–1926 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. WHO 2011; Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: a Strategy for Global Action . Geneva: World Health Organization; http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=18000&Itemid=
    [Google Scholar]
  23. WHO 2012; Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action . Geneva: World Health Organization; http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/GHP_framework.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  24. WHO 2013; Global Policy Report on the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis in WHO Member States . Geneva: World Health Organization; http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85397/1/9789241564632_eng.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.063321-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.063321-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error