Characterization of German penicillin non-susceptible serotype 23F pneumococci using multilocus sequence typing

References

1. Andrews J, Ashby J, Jevons G, Lines N, Wise R. 1999; Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive pathogens isolated in the UK between; October 1996 and January 1997 J Antimicrob Chemother 43:689–698 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. 2001; Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 357:1851–1853 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Coffey T. J, Berrón S, Daniels M, Garcia-Leoni M. E, Cercenado E, Bouza E, Fenoll A, Spratt B. G. 1996; Multiply antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from Spanish hospitals (1988–1994): novel major clones of serotypes 14, 19F and 15F. Microbiology 142:2747–2757 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Enright M. C, Spratt B. G. 1998; A multilocus sequence typing scheme for Streptococcus pneumoniae : identification of clones associated with serious invasive disease. Microbiology 144:3049–3060 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Granizo J. J, Aguilar L, Casal J, Dal-Ré R, Baquero F. 2000; Streptococcus pyogenes resistance to erythromycin in relation to macrolide consumption in Spain (1986–1997. J Antimicrob Chemother 46:959–964 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Henriques B, Kalin M, Örtqvist Å. 8 other authors 2000; Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in 5 countries. J Infect Dis 182:833–839 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Hermans P. W. M, Sluijter M, Elzenaar K. 8 other authors 1997; Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Netherlands: results of a 1-year molecular epidemiologic survey. J Infect Dis 175:1413–1422 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Johnson A. P. 1998; Antibiotic resistance among clinically important gram-positive bacteria in the UK. J Hosp Infect 40:17–26 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Klugman K, Goldstein F, Kohno S, Baquero F. 1997; The role of fourth-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of infections caused by penicillin-resistant streptococci. Clin Microbiol Infect 3:Suppl. 1S48–S60 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Maiden M. C. J, Bygraves J. A, Feil E. 10 other authors 1998; Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:3140–3145 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. McGee L, McDougal L, Zhou J. 8 other authors 2001; Nomenclature of major antimicrobial-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae defined by the pneumococcal molecular epidemiology network. J Clin Microbiol 39:2565–2571 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. NCCLS 2000 Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically (M7-A4); Approved Standard (M100-S8) , 4th edn. Wayne, PA: NCCLS;
    [Google Scholar]
13. Neufeld F. 1902; Über die Agglutination der Pneumokokken und über die Theorie der Agglutination. Z Hyg Infektionskr 34:54–72 (in German
    [Google Scholar]
14. Nielsen S. V, Henrichsen J. 1992; Capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood and CSF during 1982–1987. Clin Infect Dis 15:794–798 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Pradier C, Dunais B, Carsenti-Etesse H, Dellamonica P. 1997; Pneumococcal resistance patterns in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16:644–647 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Provvedi R, Manganelli R, Pozzi G. 1996; Characterization of conjugative transposon Tn5251 of Streptococcus pneumoniae . FEMS Microbiol Lett 135:231–236 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Reichmann P, Varon E, Günther E, Reinert R. R, Lütticken R, Marton A, Geslin P, Wagner J, Hakenbeck R. 1995; Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany: genetic relationship to clones from other European countries. J Med Microbiol 43:377–385 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
18. Reinert R. R, Kaufhold A, Kierdorf H. 1992; Penicillin-resistant pneumococcus in community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia in Germany. Infection 20:238–239 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Reinert R. R, Queck A, Kaufhold A, Kresken M, Lütticken R. 1995; Antimicrobial resistance and type distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing systemic infections in Germany, 1992–1994. Clin Infect Dis 21:1398–1401 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Reinert R. R, Simic S, Al-Lahham A, Reinert S, Lemperle M, Lütticken R. 2001; Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients with respiratory tract infections in Germany from 1998 to 1999: results of a national surveillance study. J Clin Microbiol 39:1187–1189 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Reinert R. R, Al-Lahham A, Lemperle M, Tenholte C, Briefs C, Haupts S, Gerards H. H, Lütticken R. 2002; Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 49:61–68 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Shi Z.-Y, Enright M. C, Wilkinson P, Griffiths D, Spratt B. G. 1998; Identification of three major clones of multiply antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwanese hospitals by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 36:3514–3519
    [Google Scholar]
23. Tait-Kamradt A, Clancy J, Cronan M, Dib-Hajj F, Wondrack L, Yuan W, Sutcliffe J. 1997; mefE is necessary for the erythromycin-resistant M phenotype in Streptococcus pneumoniae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2251–2255
    [Google Scholar]
24. Trieu-Cuot P, Poyart-Salmeron C, Carlier C, Courvalin P. 1990; Nucleotide sequence of the erythromycin resistance gene of the conjugative transposon Tn1545. Nucleic Acids Res 18:3660– 3660 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. von Kries R, Siedler A, Schmitt H. J, Reinert R. R. 2000; Proportion of invasive pneumococcal infections in German children preventable by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 31:482–487 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
26. Widdowson C. A, Klugman K. P. 1998; The molecular mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in the pneumococcus. Microb Drug Resist 4:79–84 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
27. Widdowson C. A, Klugman K. P, Hanslo D. 1996; Identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet (O), in Streptococcus pneumoniae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2891–2893
    [Google Scholar]
28. Zhou J, Enright M. C, Spratt B. G. 2000; Identification of the major Spanish clones of penicillin-resistant pneumococci via the Internet using multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 38:977–986
    [Google Scholar]