1887

Abstract

Consumption of street food is considered a major health risk in the absence of public-health inspection programmes in Indonesia. It is hypothesized that ice used in street food could be one of the major sources of contamination. This study documented contamination in edible ice from different areas of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, and attempted to characterize the virulence potential of the strains. A selective medium was used to isolate 98 strains and their identity was confirmed using biochemical assays. Serological tests classified the majority (78 %) in the non-O1 serogroup. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the presence of virulence genes, namely , and The and genes were detected in 75, 26, 15 and 1 % of isolates, respectively. The and genes were not detected in any of the isolates. The gene encoding the cholera toxin subunit A, which has been associated only with clinical strains of O1, here was present in both serogroups. The antibiotic-resistance profile showed that 65, 60, 52, 39, 37, 19 and 3 % of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim, erythromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively. A large proportion of isolates came from west and south Jakarta, and these strains exhibited multidrug resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim. Many of these isolates from west and south Jakarta also harboured , encoding a regulator, and . The presence of multidrug-resistant with virulence genes in edible ice, which could cause a severe outbreak, reflects the poor water quality in Jakarta, and indicates an urgent need for better surveillance and management.

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2013-03-01
2024-03-29
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