emm typing, antibiotic resistance and PFGE analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes in Lebanon

References

1. Aziz R. K., Kotb M. 2008; Rise and persistence of global M1T1 clone of Streptococcus pyogenes . Emerg Infect Dis 14:1511–1517 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Beall B., Gherardi G., Lovgren M., Facklam R. R., Forwick B. A., Tyrrell G. J. 2000; emm and sof gene sequence variation in relation to serological typing of opacity-factor-positive group A streptococci. Microbiology 146:1195–1209
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bessen D. E. 2009; Population biology of the human restricted pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes . Infect Genet Evol 9:581–593 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Chan J. C., Chu Y. W., Chu M. Y., Cheung T. K., Lo J. Y. 2009; Epidemiological analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in Hong Kong. Pathology 41:681–686 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Chen Y. Y., Huang C. T., Yao S. M., Chang Y. C., Shen P. W., Chou C. Y., Li S. Y. 2007; Molecular epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus causing scarlet fever in northern Taiwan, 2001–2002. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 58:289–295 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Chiou C. S., Liao T. L., Wang T. H., Chang H. L., Liao J. C., Li C. C. 2004; Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes recovered from scarlet fever patients in central Taiwan from 1996 to 1999. J Clin Microbiol 142:3998–4006 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. CLSI 2006 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ; 16th Informational Supplement vol. 26, no. 3M100–S16 Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute;
   [Google Scholar]
8. Desai M., Efstratiou A., George R., Stanley J. 1999; High-resolution genotyping of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 isolates by fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 37:1948–1952
   [Google Scholar]
9. Ekelund K., Darenberg J., Norrby-Teglund A., Hoffmann S., Bang D., Skinhøj P., Konradsen H. B. 2005; Variations in emm type among group A streptococcal isolates causing invasive or noninvasive infections in a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol 43:3101–3109 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Gracia M., Díaz C., Coronel P., Gimeno M., García-Rodas R., Rodríguez-Cerrato V., del Prado G., Huelves L., Ruiz V. other authors 2009; Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes in Central, Eastern, and Baltic European Countries, 2005 to 2006: the cefditoren surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 64:52–56 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Guilherme L., Kalil J., Cunningham M. 2006; Molecular mimicry in the autoimmune pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Autoimmunity 39:31–39 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Kao C. H., Chen P. Y., Huang F. L., Chen C. W., Chi C. S., Lin Y. H., Shih C. Y., Hu B. S., Li C. R. other authors 2005; Clinical and genetic analysis of invasive and non-invasive group A streptococcal infections in central Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 38:105–111
    [Google Scholar]
13. Lavergne V., Thibault L., Garceau R. 2007; Macrolide resistance in streptococcal pharyngitis. CMAJ 177:177
    [Google Scholar]
14. Luca-Harari B., Straut M., Cretoiu S., Surdeanu M., Ungureanu V., van der Linden M., Jasir A. 2008; Molecular characterization of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from Romania. J Med Microbiol 57:1354–1363 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Metzgar D., Baynes D., Hansen C. J., McDonough E. A., Cabrera D. R., Ellorin M. M., Blair P. J., Russell K. L., Faix D. J. 2009; Inference of antibiotic resistance and virulence among diverse group A Streptococcus strains using emm sequencing and multilocus genotyping methods. PLoS ONE 4:e6897 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Michos A. G., Bakoula C. G., Braoudaki M., Koutouzi F. I., Roma E. S., Pangalis A., Nikolopoulou G., Kirikou E., Syriopoulou V. P. 2009; Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes : prevalence, resistance determinants, and emm types. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 64:295–299 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Nir-Paz R., Korenman Z., Ron M., Michael-Gayego A., Cohen-Poradosu R., Valinsky L., Beall B., Moses A. E. 2010; Streptococcus pyogenes emm and T types within a decade, 1996–2005: implications for epidemiology and future vaccines. Epidemiol Infect 138:53–60 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
18. Sagar V., Kumar R., Ganguly N. K., Chakraborti A. 2008; Comparative analysis of emm type pattern of group A Streptococcus throat and skin isolates from India and their association with closely related SIC, a streptococcal virulence factor. BMC Microbiol 8:150 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Seppälä H., He Q., Osterblad M., Huovinen P. 1994; Typing of group A streptococci by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol 32:1945–1948
    [Google Scholar]
20. Shulman S. T., Tanz R. R., Dale J. B., Beall B., Kabat W., Kabat K., Cederlund E., Patel D., Rippe J. other authors 2009; Seven-year surveillance of North American pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngitis isolates. Clin Infect Dis 49:78–84 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Stanley J., Linton D., Desai M., Efstratiou A., George R. 1995; Molecular subtyping of prevalent M serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes causing invasive disease. J Clin Microbiol 33:2850–2855
    [Google Scholar]
22. Steer A. C., Law I., Matatolu L., Beall B. W., Carapetis J. R. 2009; Global emm type distribution of group A streptococci: systematic review and implications for vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis 9:611–616 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
23. Yoonim N., Olive C., Pruksachatkunakorn C., Good M. F., Pruksakorn S. 2005; M protein typing of Thai group A streptococcal isolates by PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. BMC Microbiol 5:63 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]