Fatal vancomycin- and linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium sepsis in a child undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for beta-thalassaemia major

References

1. Ardura, M. I., Mejias, A., Katz, K. S., Revell, P., McCracken, G. H., Jr & Sánchez, P. J. ( 2007; ). Daptomycin therapy for invasive Gram-positive bacterial infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26, 1128–1132.[CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Bonora, M. G., Solbiati, M., Stepan, E., Zorzi, A., Luzzani, A., Catania, M. R. & Fontana, R. ( 2006; ). Emergence of linezolid resistance in the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium multilocus sequence typing C1 epidemic lineage. J Clin Microbiol 44, 1153–1155.[CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. CDC ( 2002; ). Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Recomm Rep 51, 1–45.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Cetinkaya, Y., Falk, P. & Mayhall, C. G. ( 2000; ). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 13, 686–707.[CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Cian, F., Luzzati, R., Deiana, M. L., Ferrantelli, N., Tonin, E., Lagatolla, C. & Dolzani, L. ( 2009; ). Colonization of the tip of a thoracic catheter by Enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin and linezolid. J Med Microbiol 58, 1118–1121.[CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Deshpande, L. M., Fritsche, T. R., Moet, G. J., Biedenbach, D. J. & Jones, R. N. ( 2007; ). Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from North America and Europe: a report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 58, 163–170.[CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Dutka-Malen, S., Evers, S. & Courvalin, P. ( 1995; ). Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33, 1434
   [Google Scholar]
8. Gonzales, R. D., Schreckenberger, P. C., Graham, M. B., Kelkar, S., DenBesten, K. & Quinn, J. P. ( 2001; ). Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid. Lancet 357, 1179 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Han, S. H., Chin, B. S., Lee, H. S., Jeong, S. J., Choi, H. K., Kim, C. O., Yong, D., Choi, J. Y., Song, Y. G. & other authors ( 2009; ). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. J Infect 58, 182–190.[CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Herrero, I. A., Issa, N. C. & Patel, R. ( 2002; ). Nosocomial spread of linezolid-resistant, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 346, 867–869.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Jenkins, I. ( 2007; ). Linezolid and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis: successful treatment with tigecycline and daptomycin. J Hosp Med 2, 343–344.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. McDonald, L. C. ( 2006; ). Trends in antimicrobial resistance in health care-associated pathogens and effect on treatment. Clin Infect Dis 42, S65–S71.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Miranda, A. G., Singh, K. V. & Murray, B. E. ( 1991; ). DNA fingerprinting of Enterococcus faecium by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis may be a useful epidemiologic tool. J Clin Microbiol 29, 2752–2757.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Pankey, G., Ashcraft, D. & Patel, N. ( 2005; ). In vitro synergy of daptomycin plus rifampin against Enterococcus faecium resistant to both linezolid and vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, 5166–5168.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Seedat, J., Zick, G., Klare, I., Konstabel, C., Weiler, N. & Sahly, H. ( 2006; ). Rapid emergence of resistance to linezolid during linezolid therapy of an Enterococcus faecium infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50, 4217–4219.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. WHO ( 2009; ). WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. WHO/IER/PSP/2009/01. Geneva: World Health Organization.
17. Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S. M., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P. & Edmond, M. B. ( 2004; ). Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39, 309–317.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]