1887

Abstract

The family of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like () genes comprises , and . This study used PCR to demonstrate the presence of genes among serovars from a collection of leptospiral strains and clinical isolates. Whilst and appeared to be present in a limited number of pathogenic serovars, the gene was distributed ubiquitously among all pathogenic strains. None of the genes were detected among intermediate or saprophytic species. It was also shown that, similar to the previously characterized gene, a short specific PCR fragment of could be used to correctly identify pathogenic species. These findings demonstrate that is widely present among pathogenic strains and may be useful for their reliable identification and classification.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.009175-0
2009-09-01
2024-12-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/58/9/1173.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.009175-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ahmed N., Devi S. M., Valverde M. A., Vijayachari P., Machang'u R. S., Ellis W. A., Hartskeerl R. A. 2006; Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5:28 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Barocchi M. A., Ko A. I., Ferrer S. R., Faria M. T., Reis M. G., Riley L. W. 2001; Identification of new repetitive element in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni and its application to PCR-based differentiation of Leptospira serogroups. J Clin Microbiol 39:191–195 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bharti A. R., Nally J. E., Ricaldi J. N., Matthias M. A., Diaz M. M., Lovett M. A., Levett P. N., Gilman R. H., Willig M. R. & other authors; 2003; Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3:757–771 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Brenner D. J., Kaufmann A. F., Sulzer K. R., Steigerwalt A. G., Rogers F. C., Weyant R. S. 1999; Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:839–858 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Brown P. D., Levett P. N. 1997; Differentiation of Leptospira species and serovars by PCR-restriction endonuclease analysis, arbitrarily primed PCR and low-stringency PCR. J Med Microbiol 46:173–181 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bulach D. M., Zuerner R. L., Wilson P., Seemann T., McGrath A., Cullen P. A., Davis J., Johnson M., Kuczek E. other authors 2006; Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:14560–14565 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Choy H. A., Kelley M. M., Chen T. L., Moller A. K., Matsunaga J., Haake D. A. 2007; Physiological osmotic induction of Leptospira interrogans adhesion: LigA and LigB bind extracellular matrix proteins and fibrinogen. Infect Immun 75:2441–2450 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Croda J., Ramos J. G., Matsunaga J., Queiroz A., Homma A., Riley L. W., Haake D. A., Reis M. G., Ko A. I. 2007; Leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins as a serodiagnostic marker for acute leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 45:1528–1534 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Croda J., Figueira C. P., Wunder E. A. Jr, Santos C. S., Reis M. G., Ko A. I., Picardeau M. 2008; Targeted mutagenesis in pathogenic Leptospira species: disruption of the LigB gene does not affect virulence in animal models of leptospirosis. Infect Immun 76:5826–5833 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ellinghausen H. C., McCullough W. G. 1965; Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res 26:45–51
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Faine S. B., Adler B., Bolin C., Perolat P. 1999 Leptospira and Leptospirosis Melbourne, Australia: MediSci;
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Faisal S. M., Yan W., Chen C. S., Palaniappan R. U., McDonough S. P., Chang Y. F. 2008; Evaluation of protective immunity of Leptospira immunoglobulin like protein A (LigA) DNA vaccine against challenge in hamsters. Vaccine 26:277–287 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Faisal S. M., Yan W., McDonough S. P., Chang Y. F. 2009; Leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein A variable region (LigAvar) incorporated in liposomes and PLGA microspheres produces a robust immune response correlating to protective immunity. Vaccine 27:378–387 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Galloway R. L., Levett P. N. 2008; Evaluation of a modified pulsed-field gel electrophoresis approach for the identification of Leptospira serovars. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78:628–632
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Haake D. A., Suchard M. A., Kelley M. M., Dundoo M., Alt D. P., Zuerner R. L. 2004; Molecular evolution and mosaicism of leptospiral outer membrane proteins involves horizontal DNA transfer. J Bacteriol 186:2818–2828 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Herrmann J. L., Bellenger E., Perolat P., Baranton G., Girons I. S. 1992; Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Not I digests of leptospiral DNA: a new rapid method of serovar identification. J Clin Microbiol 30:1696–1702
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hookey J. V., Bryden J., Gatehouse L. 1993; The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes. J Gen Microbiol 139:2585–2590 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Janda J. M., Abbott S. L. 2007; 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls. J Clin Microbiol 45:2761–2764 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Johnson R. C., Harris V. G. 1967; Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. J Bacteriol 94:27–31
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Koizumi N., Watanabe H. 2004; Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins elicit protective immunity. Vaccine 22:1545–1552 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. La Scola B., Bui L. T. M., Baranton G., Khamis A., Raoult D. 2006; Partial rpoB gene sequencing for identification of Leptospira species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 263:142–147 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Levett P. N. 2001; Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:296–326 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Levett P. N. 2003; Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 36:447–452 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Levett P. N., Morey R. E., Galloway R. L., Steigerwalt A. G. 2006; Leptospira broomii sp. nov., isolated from humans with leptospirosis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:671–673 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lin Y. P., Chang Y. F. 2007; A domain of the Leptospira LigB contributes to high affinity binding of fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 362:443–448 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Majed Z., Bellenger E., Postic D., Pourcel C., Baranton G., Picardeau M. 2005; Identification of variable-number tandem-repeat loci in Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. J Clin Microbiol 43:539–545 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Matsunaga J., Barocchi M. A., Croda J., Young T. A., Sanchez Y., Siqueira I., Bolin C. A., Reis M. G., Riley L. W. other authors 2003; Pathogenic Leptospira species express surface-exposed proteins belonging to the bacterial immunoglobulin superfamily. Mol Microbiol 49:929–945 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Matsunaga J., Sanchez Y., Xu X., Haake D. A. 2005; Osmolarity, a key environmental signal controlling expression of leptospiral proteins LigA and LigB and the extracellular release of LigA. Infect Immun 73:70–78 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Matthias M. A., Ricaldi J. N., Cespedes M., Diaz M. M., Galloway R. L., Saito M., Steigerwalt A. G., Patra K. P., Ore C. V. other authors 2008; Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2:e213 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. McBride A. J. A., Cerqueira G. M., Suchard M. A., Moreira A. N., Zuerner R. L., Reis M. G., Haake D. A., Ko A. I., Dellagostin O. A. 2009; Genetic diversity of the leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) genes in pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infect Genet Evol 9:196–205 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Morey R. E., Galloway R. L., Bragg S. L., Steigerwalt A. G., Mayer L. W., Levett P. N. 2006; Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44:3510–3516 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Nascimento A. L., Ko A. I., Martins E. A., Monteiro-Vitorello C. B., Ho P. L., Haake D. A., Verjovski-Almeida S., Hartskeerl R. A., Marques M. V. other authors 2004; Comparative genomics of two Leptospira interrogans serovars reveals novel insights into physiology and pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 186:2164–2172 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Palaniappan R. U., Chang Y. F., Jusuf S. S., Artiushin S., Timoney J. F., McDonough S. P., Barr S. C., Divers T. J., Simpson K. W. other authors 2002; Cloning and molecular characterization of an immunogenic LigA protein of Leptospira interrogans . Infect Immun 70:5924–5930 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Palaniappan R. U., Chang Y. F., Hassan F., McDonough S. P., Pough M., Barr S. C., Simpson K. W., Mohammed H. O., Shin S. other authors 2004; Expression of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein by Leptospira interrogans and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in a kinetic ELISA. J Med Microbiol 53:975–984 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Palaniappan R. U., Chang Y. F., Chang C. F., Pan M. J., Yang C. W., Harpending P., McDonough S. P., Dubovi E., Divers T. other authors 2005; Evaluation of lig -based conventional and real time PCR for the detection of pathogenic leptospires. Mol Cell Probes 19:111–117
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Palaniappan R. U., McDonough S. P., Divers T. J., Chen C. S., Pan M. J., Matsumoto M., Chang Y. F. 2006; Immunoprotection of recombinant leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein A against Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona infection. Infect Immun 74:1745–1750 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Perolat P., Merien F., Ellis W. A., Baranton G. 1994; Characterization of Leptospira isolates from serovars hardjo by ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and mapped restriction site polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 32:1949–1957
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Postic D., Riquelme-Sertour N., Merien F., Perolat P., Baranton G. 2000; Interest of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences to resolve heterogeneities between Leptospira collections: application to L. meyeri . Res Microbiol 151:333–341 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Ren S. X., Fu G., Jiang X. G., Zeng R., Miao Y. G., Xu H., Zhang Y. X., Xiong H., Lu G. other authors 2003; Unique physiological and pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans revealed by whole-genome sequencing. Nature 422:888–893 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Salaün L., Mérien F., Gurianova S., Baranton G., Picardeau M. 2006; Application of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular typing of the agent of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 44:3954–3962 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Silva E. F., Medeiros M. A., McBride A. J., Matsunaga J., Esteves G. S., Ramos J. G., Santos C. S., Croda J., Homma A. other authors 2007; The terminal portion of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein LigA confers protective immunity against lethal infection in the hamster model of leptospirosis. Vaccine 25:6277–6286 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Silva E. F., Santos C. S., Athanazio D. A., Seyffert N., Seixas F. K., Cerqueira G. M., Fagundes M. Q., Brod C. S., Reis M. G. other authors 2008; Characterization of virulence of Leptospira isolates in a hamster model. Vaccine 26:3892–3896 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Slack A. T., Dohnt M. F., Symonds M. L., Smythe L. D. 2005; Development of a multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) for Leptospira interrogans and its application to Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis isolates from Far North Queensland, Australia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 4:10 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Slack A. T., Symonds M. L., Dohnt M. F., Smythe L. D. 2006; Identification of pathogenic Leptospira species by conventional or real-time PCR and sequencing of the DNA gyrase subunit B encoding gene. BMC Microbiol 6:95 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Slack A. T., Kalambaheti T., Symonds M. L., Dohnt M. F., Galloway R. L., Steigerwalt A. G., Chaicumpa W., Bunyaraksyotin G., Craig S. other authors 2008; Leptospira wolffii sp. nov., isolated from a human with suspected leptospirosis in Thailand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2305–2308 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Srimanote P., Wongdeethai N., Jieanampunkul P., Samonkiert S., Leepiyasakulchai C., Kalambaheti T., Prachayasittikul V. 2008; Recombinant LigA for leptospirosis diagnosis and ligA among the Leptospira spp. clinical isolates. J Microbiol Methods 72:73–81 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M., Kumar S. 2007; mega4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (mega) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Victoria B., Ahmed A., Zurner R. L., Ahmed N., Bulach D. M., Quinteiro J., Hartskeerl R. A. 2008; Conservation of the S10-spc - α locus within otherwise highly plastic genomes provides phylogenetic insight into the genus Leptospira . PLoS One 3:e2752 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Vijayachari P., Ahmed N., Sugunan A. P., Ghousunnisa S., Rao K. R., Hasnain S. E., Sehgal S. C. 2004; Use of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism for molecular epidemiology of leptospirosis in India. J Clin Microbiol 42:3575–3580 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Wangroongsarb P., Chanket T., Gunlabun K., Long D. H., Satheanmethakul P., Jetanadee S., Thaipadungpanit J., Wuthiekanun V., Peacock S. J. other authors 2007; Molecular typing of Leptospira spp. based on putative O-antigen polymerase gene ( wzy ), the benefit over 16S rRNA gene sequence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271:170–179 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Yan W., Faisal S. M., McDonough S. P., Divers T. J., Barr S. C., Chang C. F., Pan M. J., Chang Y. F. 2009; Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant Leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein B (rLigB) in a hamster challenge model. Microbes Infect 11:230–237 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Yasuda P. H., Steigerwalt A. G., Sulzer L. R., Kaufmann A. F., Rogers F., Brenner D. J. 1987; Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37:407–415 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.009175-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.009175-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error