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Journal of Medical Microbiology logo Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volume 74, Issue 3

Intratype variants and high genotypic diversity of human papillomavirus with polymorphisms in the antigenic hypervariable loops of the L1 protein from women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Northeastern Brazil Open Access

Abstract

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main oncogenic viruses. High-risk HPV types are associated with the development of cervical cancers. In addition, it is known that some mutations in HPV genes, or variant viral lineages, have been associated with greater oncogenic risk.

The L1 protein is the major component of the viral capsid and is therefore used in currently available vaccines. However, the characterization of mutations in the L1 gene, which is relevant to increasing the knowledge of the immune escape mechanisms used by the virus, is still incipient.

This study aimed to characterize mutations associated with antigenic domains in the L1 protein of HPVs isolated from cervical samples of women living with HIV in Northeastern Brazil.

L1 gene sequences were obtained from the samples, and the mutations and the viral variants were characterized. Phylogenetic and functional analyses of the structure of the L1 protein were carried out.

A total of 41 HPV variant isolates were obtained, distributed among 16 different viral types. Of this, 25 non-synonymous mutations were evaluated regarding the stability of the L1 protein. It was observed that 10 of these mutations were predicted to increase, and 14 to decrease, the stability of the L1 protein and that most of them occurred in the FG hypervariable antigenic loop.

These results add useful knowledge to understanding the biological and immunological aspects of HPV variants and the impact of these mutations on the development of vaccine strategies.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): cervical cancer , genetic variability , human immunodeficiency virus , human papillomavirus , late major capsid protein L1 and vaccine
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Award finance code 001)
    • Principal Award Recipient: NotApplicable
  • Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe (Award 019203.01746/2024-9)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarcusVinicius Aragão Batista
  • Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe (Award 019.203.00941/2018-5)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarcusVinicius Aragão Batista
  • Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe (Award 8444/2013-02)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarcusVinicius Aragão Batista
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Award 446425/2014-1)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarcusVinicius Aragão Batista
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Award 307128/2022-9)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MarcusVinicius Aragão Batista
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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2025-03-19
2025-12-16

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Intratype variants and high genotypic diversity of human papillomavirus with polymorphisms in the antigenic hypervariable loops of the L1 protein from women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Northeastern Brazil
J. Med. Microbiol. 74, 001981 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001981
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001981
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001981
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