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Journal of Medical Microbiology logo Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volume 74, Issue 3

Genotypic diversity of the c region and its correlation with gastric disease outcomes Open Access

Abstract

infection is a major cause of peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. The infection progression to severe diseases depends on several factors, including bacterial ones. CagA and VacA are two major virulence factors widely studied and implicated in diseases.

Although the allelic prevalence of the s, m, i and d regions of the gene and their relation with gastric disease outcomes have been largely studied, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the prevalence and the association of the c region with those pathologies. This polymorphic region could exhibit a large variability which might impact the virulence of the bacterium and the severity of gastric damage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of c alleles and to assess the association of mosaicism with gastric damage in a large Moroccan population.

positive gastric biopsies, obtained in 709 consenting patients who consulted the gastroenterology department of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez (Morocco) for clinical endoscopy, between 2009 and 2019, were used in this study. DNA extracted from the biopsy samples was used to determine the c genotype using specific PCRs. , s, m, d and i genotypes of these samples were previously determined.

The c2 genotype was detected in 44.7% of samples and the c1 genotype in 16.5% of cases. Multiple infections (detection of the two c allelic forms) were obtained in 9% of samples. Correlation of c genotype with pathologies showed that the c1 allele was strongly associated with the risk of gastric cancer (GC) [odds ratio=3.14, confidence intervals 95% (1.08–9.09)].

The results of this study confirm that despite the large genetic diversity, the genotypic distribution is marked by a predominance of the less virulent strains in Morocco. Also, even if allelic combinations seem to impact the toxicity of this bacterium, patients infected with c1 genotype are more likely to develop GC than those infected by c2 genotype.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): vacA c , gastric diseases , genetic diversity and Helicobacter pylori
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hassan II de Fès (Award PR04-12 13)
    • Principal Award Recipient: NotApplicable
  • Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (Award 03P/2016)
    • Principal Award Recipient: NotApplicable
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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2025-03-07
2026-02-16

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Genotypic diversity of the Helicobacter pylori vacA c region and its correlation with gastric disease outcomes
J. Med. Microbiol. 74, 001969 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001969
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001969
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001969
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