1887

Journal of Medical Microbiology logo

Volume 69, Issue 1

The gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Free

Abstract

Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) all relate to behavioural, cognitive and emotional disturbances that are ultimately rooted in disordered brain function. More specifically, these disorders are linked to various neuromodulators (i.e. serotonin and dopamine), as well as dysfunction in both cognitive and socio-affective brain networks. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut environment, and particularly the microbiome, plays a significant role in individual mental health. Although the presence of a gut–brain communication axis has long been established, recent studies argue that the development and regulation of this axis is dictated by the gut microbiome. Many studies involving both animals and humans have connected the gut microbiome with depression, anxiety and ASD. Microbiome-centred treatments for individuals with these same NPDs have yielded promising results. Despite its recent rise and underlying similarities to other NPDs, both biochemically and symptomatically, connections between the gut microbiome and ADHD currently lag behind those for other NPDs. We demonstrate that all evidence points to the importance of, and dire need for, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the role of the gut microbiome in ADHD, to deepen our understanding of a condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): dysbiosis , executive function , microbiota , signalling and socio-affective and cognitive elements
© 2020 The Authors
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001112
2020-01-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/69/1/14.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001112&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Track NS. The gastrointestinal endocrine system. Can Med Assoc J 1980; 122:287–292
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Berthoud HR. Vagal and hormonal gut-brain communication: from satiation to satisfaction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:64–72 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:133–148 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108:3047–3052 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD et al. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:666–673 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Osadchiy V, Martin CR, Mayer EA. The gut-brain axis and the microbiome: mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:322–332 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Petra AI, Panagiotidou S, Hatziagelaki E, Stewart JM, Conti P et al. Gut-Microbiota-Brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation. Clin Ther 2015; 37:984–995 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2017; Data and statistics about ADHD. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html
  9. ADDitude 2019; Inside the ADHD mind: ADHD statistics. ADDitude. https://www.additudemag.com/statistics-of-adhd/
  10. Faraone SV, Larsson H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:562–575 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Comings D. Clinical and molecular genetics of ADHD and Tourette syndrome: two related polygenic disorders. Ann N Y Acad of Sci 2001; 931:50–83
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Martin J, Hamshere ML, Stergiakouli E, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A. Genetic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder contributes to neurodevelopmental traits in the general population. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:664–671 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Lederberg J. 2001; Ome sweet 'omics — a genealogical treasury of words. The Scientist. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13313/title/-Ome-Sweet--Omics---A-Genealogical-Treasury-of-Words/
  14. Gevers D, Knight R, Petrosino JF, Huang K, McGuire AL et al. The human microbiome project: a community resource for the healthy human microbiome. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001377 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. National Institute of Health (NIH) 2012; Nih human microbiome project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body. NIH. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-human-microbiome-project-defines-normal-bacterial-makeup-body
  16. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002533 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Human Microbiome Project Consortium Human microbiome project: structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486:207–214
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Hooper LV, Gordon JI. Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science 2001; 292:1115–1118 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Liang S, Wu X, Jin F. Gut-Brain psychology: rethinking psychology from the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:33 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. NIH Human Microbiome Portfolio Analysis Team A review of 10 years of human microbiome research activities at the US National Institutes of Health, Fiscal Years 2007-2016. Microbiome 2019; 7:31 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Lepage P, Seksik P, Sutren M, de la Cochetière MF, Jian R et al. Biodiversity of the mucosa-associated microbiota is stable along the distal digestive tract in healthy individuals and patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:473–480 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Balsari A, Ceccarelli A, Dubini F, Fesce E, Poli G. The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiologica 1982; 5:185–194
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Verdu EF, Collins SM. Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. irritable bowel syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18:315–321 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Collado MC, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Differences between the fecal microbiota of coeliac infants and healthy controls. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2007; 8:9–14
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Nadal I, Donat E, Donant E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y et al. Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1669–1674 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:15718–15723 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Vijay-Kumar M, Aitken JD, Carvalho FA, Cullender TC, Mwangi S et al. Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5. Science 2010; 328:228–231 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Duchmann R, Kaiser I, Hermann E, Mayet W, Ewe K et al. Tolerance exists towards resident intestinal flora but is broken in active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:448–455 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Duchmann R, Schmitt E, Knolle P, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KHM, Neurath M. Tolerance towards resident intestinal flora in mice is abrogated in experimental colitis and restored by treatment with interleukin-10 or antibodies to interleukin-12. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:934–938 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Elson CO, Cong Y. Understanding Immune-Microbial homeostasis in intestine. Immunol Res 2002; 26:087–094 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Strober W, Fuss IJ, Blumberg RS. The immunology of mucosal models of inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:495–549 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Manco M, Putignani L, Bottazzo GF. Gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular risk. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:817–844 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Russell SL, Finlay BB. The impact of gut microbes in allergic diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28:563–569 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Bartlett JG, Chang TEW, Gurwith M, Gorbach SL, Onderdonk AB. Antibiotic-Associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N Engl J Med 1978; 298:531–534 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Larcombe S, Hutton ML, Lyras D. Involvement of bacteria other than Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:463–476 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Gut microbiota modulate host immune cells in cancer development and growth. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:28–34 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Schall JD. On building a bridge between brain and behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 2004; 55:23–50 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Sweatt JD. Neural plasticity and behavior - sixty years of conceptual advances. J Neurochem 2016; 139:179–199 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Elliott R, Zahn R, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM. Affective cognition and its disruption in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:153–182 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Talpos J, Shoaib M. Executive function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:191–213 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Barha CK, Nagamatsu LS, Liu-Ambrose T. Basics of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Handb Clin Neurol 2016; 138:53–68 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Bocchio M, McHugh SB, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Capogna M. Serotonin, amygdala and fear: assembling the puzzle. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:24 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Goldman-Rakic PS. The prefrontal landscape: implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996; 351:1445–1453
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Smith EE, Jonides J. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 1999; 283:1657–1661 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Salgado H, Treviño M, Atzori M. Layer- and area-specific actions of norepinephrine on cortical synaptic transmission. Brain Res 2016; 1641:163–176 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Clarke HF, Dalley JW, Crofts HS, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Cognitive Inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion. Science 2004; 304:878–880 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Clarke HF, Walker SC, Dalley JW, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion is behaviorally and neurochemically specific. Cereb Cortex 2007; 17:18–27 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Leiser SC, Li Y, Pehrson AL, Dale E, Smagin G et al. Serotonergic regulation of prefrontal cortical circuitries involved in cognitive processing: a review of individual 5-HT receptor mechanisms and concerted effects of 5-HT receptors exemplified by the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:970–986 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Pettersson G. The neural control of the serotonin content in mammalian enterochromaffin cells. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1979; 470:130
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ et al. Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:651–658 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Mahmood T, Silverstone T. Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2001; 66:1–11 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Lowry CA, Johnson PL, Hay-Schmidt A, Mikkelsen J, Shekhar A. Modulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems. Stress 2005; 8:233–246 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Robbins TW. Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Exp Brain Res 2000; 133:130–138 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Swanson JM. Role of executive function in ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:35–39
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Craig F, Margari F, Legrottaglie AR, Palumbi R, de Giambattista C et al. A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1191–1202 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Bissonette GB, Roesch MR. Development and function of the midbrain dopamine system: what we know and what we need to. Genes Brain Behav 2016; 15:62–73 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Pavăl D. A dopamine hypothesis of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:355–360 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Mega MS, Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 6:358–370 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Younger DS. Epidemiology of childhood and adult mental illness. Neurol Clin 2016; 34:1023–1033 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 2017; Mental illness. NIMH. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml
  61. Harvey PD. Mood symptoms, cognition, and everyday functioning: in major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Innov Clin Neurosci 2011; 8:14–18
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Grace AA. Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:524–532 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Niederkofler V, Asher TE, Dymecki SM. Functional interplay between dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal systems during development and adulthood. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1055–1070 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Doherty JL, Owen MJ. Genomic insights into the overlap between psychiatric disorders: implications for research and clinical practice. Genome Med 2014; 6:29 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Mayes RD, Molitoris S, Autism MS. Autism and ADHD: overlapping and discriminating symptoms. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2012; 6:277–285 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Mittal R, Debs LH, Patel AP, Nguyen D, Patel K et al. Neurotransmitters: the critical modulators regulating gut-brain axis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2359–2372 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z et al. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:186–194 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Nikolov RN, Bearss KE, Lettinga J, Erickson C, Rodowski M et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in a sample of children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:405–413 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Chaidez V, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:1117–1127 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Neuhaus E, Bernier RA, Tham SW, Webb SJ. Gastrointestinal and psychiatric symptoms among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:515 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW, Öhman L, Claesson MJ, Deane J et al. An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut 2012; 61:997–1006 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Daulatzai MA. Chronic functional bowel syndrome enhances gut-brain axis dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and vulnerability to dementia. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:624–644 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Midenfjord I, Polster A, Sjövall H, Törnblom H, Simrén M. Anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome: exploring the interaction with other symptoms and pathophysiology using multivariate analyses. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2019; 31:e13619 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Reddel S, Putignani L, Del Chierico F. The impact of low-FODMAPs, gluten-free, and ketogenic diets on gut microbiota modulation in pathological conditions. Nutrients 2019; 11:pii: E373 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Grimaldi R, Gibson GR, Vulevic J, Giallourou N, Castro-Mejía JL et al. A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Microbiome 2018; 6:133 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Campbell IH, Campbell H. Ketosis and bipolar disorder: controlled analytic study of online reports. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e58 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. De Filippis F, Pellegrini N, Vannini L, Jeffery IB, La Storia A et al. High-Level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut 2016; 65:1812–1821 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Zhao L, Zhang F, Ding X, Wu G, Lam YY et al. Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes. Science 2018; 359:1151–1156 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Jones RB, Alderete TL, Kim JS, Millstein J, Gilliland FD et al. High intake of dietary fructose in overweight/obese teenagers associated with depletion of Eubacterium and Streptococcus in gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:712–719 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S et al. A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: a randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci 2019; 22:474–487 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Menni C, Zierer J, Pallister T, Jackson MA, Long T et al. Omega-3 fatty acids correlate with gut microbiome diversity and production of N-carbamylglutamate in middle aged and elderly women. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11079 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Ormiston K, Orchard T, DeVries AC, Phuwamongkolwiwat P, Li J et al. An omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet reduces anxiety-like behavior while high dietary sucrose during chemotherapy increases anxiety-like behavior in mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:1304 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Ríos-Hernández A, Alda JA, Farran-Codina A, Ferreira-García E, Izquierdo-Pulido M. The Mediterranean diet and ADHD in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2017; 139:pii:e20162027 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:e119255–e119 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Crumeyrolle-Arias M, Jaglin M, Bruneau A, Vancassel S, Cardona A et al. Absence of the gut microbiota enhances anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine response to acute stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:207–217 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Hoban AE, Stilling RM, Moloney GM, Moloney RD, Shanahan F et al. Microbial regulation of microRNA expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Microbiome in press 2017; 5:102 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Murphy CP, Li X, Maurer V, Oberhauser M, Gstir R et al. Microrna-Mediated rescue of fear extinction memory by miR-144-3p in extinction-impaired mice. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:979–989 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. MacFabe DF, Cain DP, Rodriguez-Capote K, Franklin AE, Hoffman JE et al. Neurobiological effects of intraventricular propionic acid in rats: possible role of short chain fatty acids on the pathogenesis and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res 2007; 176:149–169 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Pearson-Leary J, Zhao C, Bittinger K, Eacret D, Luz S et al. The gut microbiome regulates the increases in depressive-type behaviors and in inflammatory processes in the ventral hippocampus of stress vulnerable rats. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 1: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Diviccaro S, Giatti S, Borgo F, Barcella M, Borghi E et al. Treatment of male rats with finasteride, an inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase enzyme, induces long-lasting effects on depressive-like behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and gut microbiota composition. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:206–215 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Hoban AE, Stilling RM, Moloney G, Shanahan F, Dinan TG et al. The microbiome regulates amygdala-dependent fear recall. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1134–1144 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, Jackson W, Lu J et al. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:599–609 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Park AJ, Collins J, Blennerhassett PA, Ghia JE, Verdu EF et al. Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:733–e575 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Naseribafrouei A, Hestad K, Avershina E, Sekelja M, Linløkken A et al. Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1155–1162 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Liang S, Wu X, Hu X, Wang T, Jin F. Recognizing depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain axis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:pii: E1592 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Kelly JR, Borre Y, O'Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S et al. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:109–118
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Reis DJ, Ilardi SS, Punt SEW. The anxiolytic effect of probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199041 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Parashar A, Udayabanu M. Gut microbiota regulates key modulators of social behavior. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:78–91 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Evans SJ, Bassis CM, Hein R, Assari S, Flowers SA et al. The gut microbiome composition associates with bipolar disorder and illness severity. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 87:23–29 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011; 473:174–180 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Valles-Colomer M, Falony G, Darzi Y, Tigchelaar EF, Wang J et al. The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:623–632 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Talking about a microbiome revolution. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:552–553 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Peirce JM, Alviña K. The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1223–1241 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Painold A, Mörkl S, Kashofer K, Halwachs B, Dalkner N et al. A step ahead: exploring the gut microbiota in inpatients with bipolar disorder during a depressive episode. Bipolar Disord 2019; 21:40–49 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Parracho HM, Bingham MO, Gibson GR, McCartney AL. Differences between the gut microflora of children with autistic spectrum disorders and that of healthy children. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:987–991 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Kang DW, Park JG, Ilhan ZE, Wallstrom G, Labaer J et al. Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68322 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, Liu C, Vaisanen ML et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:S6–S16 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE et al. Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe 2010; 16:444–453 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Strati F, Cavalieri D, Albanese D, De Felice C, Donati C et al. New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. Microbiome 2017; 5:24 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Li K, Hu Z, Ou J, Xia K. Altered gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder: potential mechanism and implications for clinical intervention. Glob Clin Transl Res 2019; 1:45–52 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Pequegnat B, Sagermann M, Valliani M, Toh M, Chow H et al. A vaccine and diagnostic target for Clostridium bolteae, an Autism-associated bacterium. Vaccine 2013; 31:2787–2790 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Evrensel A, Ceylan ME. Fecal microbiota transplantation and its usage in neuropsychiatric disorders. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2016; 14:231–237 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Sandhu KV, Sherwin E, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Dinan TG et al. Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry. Transl Res 2017; 179:223–244 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Borrelli L, Aceto S, Agnisola C, De Paolo S, Dipineto L et al. Probiotic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and behaviour in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30046 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Davari S, Talaei SA, Alaei H, Salami M. Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome-gut-brain axis. Neuroscience 2013; 240:287–296 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Liang S, Wang T, Hu X, Luo J, Li W et al. Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress. Neuroscience 2015; 310:561–577 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Liu WH, Chuang HL, Huang YT, Wu CC, Chou GT et al. Alteration of behavior and monoamine levels attributable to Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in germ-free mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:202–209 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Wallace CJK, Milev R. The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16:14 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Chahwan B, Kwan S, Isik A, van Hemert S, Burke C et al. Gut feelings: a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:317–326 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Li Q, Han Y, Dy ABC, Hagerman RJ. The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:120 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Shaaban SY, El Gendy YG, Mehanna NS, El-Senousy WM, El-Feki HSA et al. The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective, open-label study. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 21:676–681 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Bennet J, Brinkman M. Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora. The Lancet 1989; 333:164 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Sgritta M, Dooling SW, Buffington SA, Momin EN, Francis MB et al. Mechanisms underlying microbial-mediated changes in social behavior in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder. Neuron 2019; 101:246–259 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Kang D-W, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L et al. Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study. Microbiome 2017; 5:10 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Adams J, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Kang DW, Sadowski MJ, Khoruts A et al. Method for treating autism spectrum disorder and associated symptoms (United States patent application 20190134144).
  126. Costello E. 2019; Is my child with ADHD on the autism spectrum?. ADDitude. http://www.additudemag.com/autism-aspergers-adhd-symptoms-in-children/
  127. Ming X, Chen N, Ray C, Brewer G, Kornitzer J et al. A gut feeling: a hypothesis of the role of the microbiome in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Child Neurol Open 2018; 5:2329048X18786799 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Duel BP, Steinberg-Epstein R, Hill M, Lerner M. A survey of voiding dysfunction in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Urol 2003; 170:1521–1524 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  129. McKeown C, Hisle-Gorman E, Eide M, Gorman GH, Nylund CM. Association of constipation and fecal incontinence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e1210–e1215 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Fliers EA, Buitelaar JK, Maras A, Bul K, Höhle E et al. Adhd is a risk factor for overweight and obesity in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2013; 34:566–574 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Chen Q, Hartman CA, Kuja-Halkola R, Faraone SV, Almqvist C et al. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder and clinically diagnosed obesity in adolescence and young adulthood: a register-based study in Sweden. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1841–1849 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Barker ED, Ing A, Biondo F, Jia T, Pingault JB et al. Do ADHD-impulsivity and BMI have shared polygenic and neural correlates?. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 213: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Cortese S, Tessari L. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: update 2016. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:4 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006; 444:1027–1031 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Davis CD. The gut microbiome and its role in obesity. Nutr Today 2016; 51:167–174 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Muscogiuri G, Cantone E, Cassarano S, Tuccinardi D, Barrea L et al. Gut microbiota: a new path to treat obesity. Int J Obes Supp 2019; 9:10–19 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Pärtty A, Kalliomäki M, Wacklin P, Salminen S, Isolauri E. A possible link between early probiotic intervention and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in childhood: a randomized trial. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:823–828 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Prehn-Kristensen A, Zimmermann A, Tittmann L, Lieb W, Schreiber S et al. Reduced microbiome alpha diversity in young patients with ADHD. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200728 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Wang LJ, Yang CY, Chou WJ, Lee MJ, Chou MC et al. Gut microbiota and dietary patterns in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 43: [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Jiang HY, Zhou YY, Zhou GL, Li YC, Yuan J et al. Gut microbiota profiles in treatment-naïve children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:408–413 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Sandgren AM, Brummer RJM. ADHD-originating in the gut? the emergence of a new explanatory model. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:135–145 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Aarts E, Ederveen THA, Naaijen J, Zwiers MP, Boekhorst J et al. Gut microbiome in ADHD and its relation to neural reward anticipation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183509 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Aguiar-Pulido V, Huang W, Suarez-Ulloa V, Cickovski T, Mathee K et al. Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics approaches for microbiome analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12s1:EBO.S36436 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Fernandez M, Riveros JD, Campos M, Mathee K, Narasimhan G. Microbial "social networks". BMC Genomics 2015; 16:S6 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001112
Loading
The gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
J. Med. Microbiol. 69, 14 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001112
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001112
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001112
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error