Purpose. The aim of this study was to assess the biotope of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex from Ivory Coast, and clarify the possible epidemiological relationship between environmental and clinical strains.
Methodology. Samples from Eucalyptus camaldulensis (n=136), Mangifera indica (n=13) and pigeon droppings (n=518) were collected from different sites close to the living environment of Ivorian HIV patients with cryptococcosis (n=10, 50 clinical strains). Clinical and environmental strains were characterized by molecular serotyping and genotyping [RFLP analysis of the URA5 gene, (GACA)4, (GTG)5 and M13 PCR fingerprinting] and compared.
Results/Key findings. Environmental strains were recovered only from the pigeon droppings. In vitro susceptibility profiles showed that all strains were susceptible to fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin B. All environmental strains consisted of C. neoformans (A, AFLP1/VNI), whereas clinical strains included C. neoformans (A, AFLP1/VNI), C. neoformans x Cryptococcus deneoformans hybrids (AD, AFLP3/VNIII) and Cryptococcus deuterogattii (B, AFLP6/VGII). Two patients were co-infected with both C. neoformans and C. neoformans x C. deneoformans hybrids. We noticed a low genetic diversity among the environmental samples compared to the high diversity of the clinical samples. Some clinical strains were genetically more similar to environmental strains than to other clinical strains, including those from the same patient.
Conclusion. These results provide new information on the ecology and epidemiology of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex in Ivory Coast.
RajasinghamR,
SmithRM,
ParkBJ,
JarvisJN,
GovenderNP et al. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis2017; 17:873–881 [View Article][PubMed]
HagenF,
KhayhanK,
TheelenB,
KoleckaA,
PolacheckI.
Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex.. Fungal Genet Biol2015; 78:16–48
ChowdharyA,
RandhawaHS,
SundarG,
KathuriaS,
PrakashA et al.In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles and genotypes of 308 clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii serotype B from north-western India. J Med Microbiol2011; 60:961–967 [View Article][PubMed]
DiazMR,
BoekhoutT,
KieslingT,
FellJW.
Comparative analysis of the intergenic spacer regions and population structure of the species complex of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans
. FEMS Yeast Res2005; 5:1129–1140 [View Article][PubMed]
HagenF,
LumbschHT,
Arsic ArsenijevicV,
BadaliH,
BertoutS et al. Importance of resolving fungal nomenclature: the case of multiple pathogenic species in the Cryptococcus genus. mSphere2017; 2:e00238-17 [View Article][PubMed]
Kwon-ChungKJ,
WickesBL,
BoothJL,
VishniacHS,
BennettJE.
Urease inhibition by EDTA in the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans
. Infect Immun1987; 55:1751–1754[PubMed]
HagenF,
HuijsmansA,
KlaassenCH,
BoekhoutT,
MeisJF.
MALDI-TOF based identification of the pathogenic yeast species C. neoformans and C. gattii
. Mycoses2011; 54:78
CogliatiM.
Global molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: an atlas of the molecular types. Scientifica2013; 2013:1–23 [View Article][PubMed]
Espinel-IngroffA,
AllerAI,
CantonE,
Castañón-OlivaresLR,
ChowdharyA et al.Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2012; 56:5898–5906 [View Article][PubMed]
Espinel-IngroffA,
ChowdharyA,
Cuenca-EstrellaM,
FothergillA,
FullerJ et al.Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B and flucytosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2012; 56:3107–3113 [View Article][PubMed]
NgamskulrungrojP,
ChangY,
RohJ,
Kwon-ChungKJ.
Differences in nitrogen metabolism between Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, the two etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. PLoS One2012; 7:e34258 [View Article][PubMed]
GilesSS,
DagenaisTR,
BottsMR,
KellerNP,
HullCM.
Elucidating the pathogenesis of spores from the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
. Infect Immun2009; 77:3491–3500 [View Article][PubMed]
KangogoM,
BaderO,
BogaH,
WanyoikeW,
FolbaC et al. Molecular types of Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex from clinical and environmental sources in Nairobi, Kenya. Mycoses2015; 58:665–670 [View Article][PubMed]
Spina-TensiniT,
MuroMD,
Queiroz-TellesF,
StrozziI,
MoraesST et al. Geographic distribution of patients affected by Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complexes meningitis, pigeon and tree populations in Southern Brazil. Mycoses2017; 60:51–58 [View Article][PubMed]
Illnait-ZaragoziMT,
Martínez-MachínGF,
Fernández-AndreuCM,
BoekhoutT,
MeisJF et al. Microsatellite typing of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates from Cuba shows multiple genetic lineages. PLoS One2010; 5:e9124 [View Article][PubMed]
KleinKR,
HallL,
DemlSM,
RysavyJM,
WohlfielSL et al. Identification of Cryptococcus gattii by use of l-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue medium and DNA sequencing. J Clin Microbiol2009; 47:3669–3672 [View Article][PubMed]
PfallerMA,
MesserSA,
BoykenL,
RiceC,
TendolkarS et al. Global trends in the antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans (1990 to 2004). J Clin Microbiol2005; 43:2163–2167 [View Article][PubMed]
KassiFK,
DrakulovskiP,
BelletV,
KrastevaD,
GatchitchF et al. Molecular epidemiology reveals genetic diversity among 363 isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex in 61 Ivorian HIV-positive patients. Mycoses2016; 59:811–817 [View Article][PubMed]
KassiFK,
BelletV,
DoumbiaA,
KrastevaD,
DrakulovskiP et al. First case of mixed infection with Cryptococcus deuterogattii and Cryptococcus neoformans VNI in an Ivorian HIV-positive patient. JMM Case Rep2016; 3:e005037 [View Article][PubMed]
MeyerW,
MarszewskaK,
AmirmostofianM,
IgrejaRP,
HardtkeC et al. Molecular typing of global isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA – a pilot study to standardize techniques on which to base a detailed epidemiological survey. Electrophoresis1999; 20:1790–1799 [View Article][PubMed]
GutchRS,
NawangeSR,
SinghSM,
YaduR,
TiwariA et al. Antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates in Jabalpur, a city of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. Braz J Microbiol2015; 46:1125–1133 [View Article][PubMed]
ChenY,
LitvintsevaAP,
FrazzittaAE,
HaverkampMR,
WangL et al. Comparative analyses of clinical and environmental populations of Cryptococcus neoformans in Botswana. Mol Ecol2015; 24:3559–3571 [View Article][PubMed]
BejarV,
TelloM,
GarcíaR,
GuevaraJM,
GonzalesS et al. Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans strains collected from a single institution in Lima, Peru. Rev Iberoam Micol2015; 32:88–92 [View Article][PubMed]
HagenF,
Hare JensenR,
MeisJF,
ArendrupMC.
Molecular epidemiology and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of 108 clinical Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato and Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato isolates from Denmark. Mycoses2016; 59:576–584 [View Article][PubMed]
VivianiMA,
CogliatiM,
EspostoMC,
LemmerK,
TintelnotK et al. Molecular analysis of 311 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from a 30-month ECMM survey of cryptococcosis in Europe. FEMS Yeast Res2006; 6:614–619 [View Article][PubMed]
CogliatiM,
PucciantiE,
MontagnaMT,
de DonnoA,
SuseverS et al. Fundamental niche prediction of the pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Europe. Environ Microbiol2017; 19:4318–4325 [View Article][PubMed]
Desnos-OllivierM,
PatelS,
SpauldingAR,
CharlierC,
Garcia-HermosoD et al. Mixed infections and in vivo evolution in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
. MBio2010; 1:e00091-10 [View Article][PubMed]
MahmoudYA.
First environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and var. gatti from the Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Mycopathologia1999; 148:83–86 [View Article][PubMed]
MseddiF,
SellamiA,
JarbouiMA,
SellamiH,
MakniF et al. First environmental isolations of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Tunisia and review of published studies on environmental isolations in Africa. Mycopathologia2011; 171:355–360 [View Article][PubMed]
EllabibMS,
AboshkiwaMA,
HusienWM,
D'AmicisR,
CogliatiM.
Isolation, identification and molecular typing of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings and other environmental sources in Tripoli, Libya. Mycopathologia2016; 181:603–608 [View Article][PubMed]
ParkSH,
ChoiSC,
LeeKW,
KimMN,
HwangSM.
Genotypes of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Korea. Mycobiology2015; 43:360–365 [View Article][PubMed]
Kammalac NgouanaT,
DongtsaJ,
KouanfackC,
TonfackC,
FomenaS et al.Cryptoccocal meningitis in Yaoundé (Cameroon) HIV infected patients: diagnosis, frequency and Cryptococcus neoformans isolates susceptibility study to fluconazole. J Mycol Med2015; 25:11–16 [View Article][PubMed]
YamamotoY,
KohnoS,
KogaH,
KakeyaH,
TomonoK et al. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of clinically and environmentally isolated Cryptococcus neoformans in Nagasaki. J Clin Microbiol1995; 33:3328–3332[PubMed]
EscandónP,
SánchezA,
MartínezM,
MeyerW,
CastañedaE.
Molecular epidemiology of clinical and environmental isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex reveals a high genetic diversity and the presence of the molecular type VGII mating type a in Colombia. FEMS Yeast Res2006; 6:625–635 [View Article][PubMed]
BakerLG,
SpechtCA,
DonlinMJ,
LodgeJK.
Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, is necessary for cell wall integrity in Cryptococcus neoformans
. Eukaryot Cell2007; 6:855–867 [View Article][PubMed]