1887

Abstract

Cholera is an infectious disease of major concern in Vietnam and other Asian countries. In 2009, there was a large outbreak of cholera in northern Vietnam. To investigate relationships among isolates of the causative pathogen in this region since 2007, we carried out a multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of 170 isolates collected between 2007 and 2009. A total of 24 MLVA types were identified using seven loci. Five clones (1–5) were identified using five loci of the large chromosome; clones 1 and 2 were major, and the others were minor. Clone 1 isolates were responsible for the 2009 outbreak. A shift in the predominant clone occurred between 2007 and 2009, with clone 1 likely derived from clone 2. Moreover, the former was less diverse than the latter, suggesting a single source of cholera dissemination. Epidemiological data indicated a wavelet prior to the large outbreak, suggesting that drinking water source or food chain became contaminated during dissemination. Our results reveal the utility of MLVA for analysis of isolates within a relatively short period and broaden our understanding of its transmission and response to cholera.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000317
2016-09-01
2024-12-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/65/9/1007.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000317&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abd El Ghany M., Chander J., Mutreja A., Rashid M., Hill-Cawthorne G. A., Ali S., Naeem R., Thomson N. R., Dougan G., Pain A. 2014; The population structure of Vibrio cholerae from the Chandigarh Region of Northern India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2981 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Albert M. J., Siddique A. K., Islam M. S., Faruque A. S., Ansaruzzaman M., Faruque S. M., Sack R. B. 1993; Large outbreak of clinical cholera due to Vibrio cholerae non-O1 in Bangladesh. Lancet 341:704 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ang G. Y., Yu C. Y., Balqis K., Elina H. T., Azura H., Hani M. H., Yean C. Y. 2010; Molecular evidence of cholera outbreak caused by a toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor variant strain in Kelantan, Malaysia. J Clin Microbiol 48:3963–3969 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ansaruzzaman M., Bhuiyan N. A., Nair B. G., Sack D. A., Lucas M., Deen J. L., Ampuero J., Chaignat C. L. Mozambique Cholera vaccine Demonstration Project Coordination Group 2004; Cholera in Mozambique, variant of Vibrio cholerae . Emerg Infect Dis 10:2057–2059 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Choi S. Y., Lee J. H., Jeon Y. S., Lee H. R., Kim E. J., Ansaruzzaman M., Bhuiyan N. A., Endtz H. P., Niyogi S. K. et al. 2010; Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains harbouring classical toxin B. J Med Microbiol 59:763–769 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chongsa-nguan M., Chaicumpa W., Moolasart P., Kandhasingha P., Shimada T., Kurazono H., Takeda Y. 1993; Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in Bangkok. Lancet 342:430–431 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Danin-Poleg Y., Cohen L. A., Gancz H., Broza Y. Y., Goldshmidt H., Malul E., Valinsky L., Lerner L., Broza M., Kashi Y. 2007; Vibrio cholerae strain typing and phylogeny study based on simple sequence repeats. J Clin Microbiol 45:736–746 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Garg S., Saha P. K., Ramamurthy T., Deb B. C., Nair G. B., Shimada T., Takeda Y. 1993; Nationwide prevalence of the new epidemic strain of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in India. J Infect 27:108–109 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Harris J. B., LaRocque R. C., Qadri F., Ryan E. T., Calderwood S. B. 2012; Cholera. Lancet 379:2466–2476 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Hyytiä-Trees E., Smole S. C., Fields P. A., Swaminathan B., Ribot E. M. 2006; Second generation subtyping: a proposed PulseNet protocol for multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157). Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:118–131 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kim E. J., Lee D., Moon S. H., Lee C. H., Kim D. W. 2014a; CTX prophages in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains. J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:725–731 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Kim E. J., Lee D., Moon S. H., Lee C. H., Kim S. J., Lee J. H., Kim J. O., Song M., Das B. et al. 2014b; Molecular insights into the evolutionary pathway of Vibrio cholerae O1 atypical El Tor variants. PLoS Pathogens 10:e1004384 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Lam C., Octavia S., Reeves P. R., Lan R. 2012; Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of 7th pandemic Vibrio cholerae . BMC Microbiol 12:10.1186/1471-2180-12-82 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Moore S., Miwanda B., Sadji A. Y., Thefenne H., Jeddi F., Rebaudet S., de Boeck H., Bidjada B., Depina J. J. et al. 2015; Relationship between distinct African cholera epidemics revealed via MLVA haplotyping of 337 Vibrio cholerae isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003817 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Morita M., Ohnishi M., Arakawa E., Yamamoto S., Nair G. B., Matsushita S., Yokoyama K., Kai A., Seto K. et al. 2010; Emergence and genetic diversity of El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 that possess classical biotype ctxB among travel-associated cases of cholera in Japan. J Med Microbiol 59:708–712 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Mutreja A., Kim D. W., Thomson N. R., Connor T. R., Lee J. H., Kariuki S., Croucher N. J., Choi S. Y., Harris S. R. et al. 2011; Evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic. Nature 477:462–465 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Nair G. B., Qadri F., Holmgren J., Svennerholm A. M., Safa A., Bhuiyan N. A., Ahmad Q. S., Faruque S. M., Faruque A. S. et al. 2006; Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 44:4211–4213 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ngo T. C., Nguyen D. T., Tran H. H., Le T. H., Nguyen H. T., Diep T. T., Nguyen T. P. L., Nguyen B. M., Tran N. D. 2011; Imported dogs as possible vehicles of Vibrio cholerae O1 causing cholera outbreaks in northern Vietnam. Open Infect Dis J 5:127–134 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Nguyen B. M., Lee J. H., Cuong N. T., Choi S. Y., Hien N. T., Anh D. D., Lee H. R., Ansaruzzaman M., Endtz H. P. et al. 2009; Cholera outbreaks caused by an altered O1 El Tor biotype strain producing classical cholera toxin B in Vietnam in 2007 to 2008. J Clin Microbiol 47:1568–1571 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Nguyen V. H., Pham H. T., Diep T. T., Phan C. D., Nguyen T. Q., Nguyen N. T., Ngo T. C., Nguyen T. V., Do Q. K. et al. 2016; Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor from southern Vietnam in 2010 was molecularly distinct from that present from 1999 to 2004. Epidemiol Infect 144:1241–1247 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Okada K., Chantaroj S., Roobthaisong A., Hamada S., Sawanpanyalert P. 2010; A cholera outbreak of the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant carrying classical CtxB in northeastern Thailand in 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82:875–878 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Ramamurthy T., Garg S., Sharma R., Bhattacharya S. K., Nair G. B., Shimada T., Takeda T., Karasawa T., Kurazano H., Pal A. 1993; Emergence of novel strain of Vibrio cholerae with epidemic potential in southern and eastern India. Lancet 341:703–704 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Raychoudhuri A., Mukhopadhyay A. K., Ramamurthy T., Nandy R. K., Takeda Y., Nair G. B. 2008; Biotyping of Vibrio cholerae O1: time to redefine the scheme. Indian J Med Res 128:695–698[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Sack D. A., Sack R. B., Nair G. B., Siddique A. K. 2004; Cholera. Lancet 363:223–233 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Safa A., Sultana J., Dac Cam P., Mwansa J. C., Kong R. Y. 2008; Vibrio cholerae O1 hybrid El Tor strains, Asia and Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 14:987–988 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Sithivong N., Izumiya H., Munnalath K., Phouthavane T., Chomlasak K., Sisavath L., Vongdouangchanh A., Vongprachanh P., Watanabe H. et al. 2010; Cholera outbreak, Laos, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 16:745–746 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Sithivong N., Morita-Ishihara T., Vongdouangchanh A., Phouthavane T., Chomlasak K., Sisavath L., Khamphaphongphane B., Sengkeopraseuth B., Vongprachanh P. et al. 2011; Molecular subtyping in cholera outbreak, Laos, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2060–2062 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. World Health Organization 2008; Cholera country profile. Vietnam [Online]. Available http://www.who.int/cholera/countries/VietNamCountryProfile2008.pdf?ua=1 Accessed 2016
  29. Zhou H., Cui Z., Diao B., Zhang C., Pang B., Zhang L., Kan B. 2013; A three-loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis for molecular subtyping of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. Foodborne Pathog Dis 10:723–730 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000317
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000317
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary File 1

PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error