Limonene inhibits streptococcal biofilm formation by targeting surface-associated virulence factors Free

Abstract

The present study explores the efficacy of limonene, a cyclic terpene found in the rind of citrus fruits, for antibiofilm potential against species of the genus , which have been deeply studied worldwide owing to their multiple pathogenic efficacy. Limonene showed a concentration-dependent reduction in the biofilm formation of (SF370), with minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of 400 μg ml. Limonene was found to possess about 75–95 % antibiofilm activity against all the pathogens tested, viz. (SF370 and 5 clinical isolates), (UA159) and (ATCC 6249) at 400 μg ml concentration. Microscopic analysis of biofilm architecture revealed a quantitative breach in biofilm formation. Results of a surface-coating assay suggested that the possible mode of action of limonene could be by inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces, thereby preventing the biofilm formation cascade. Susceptibility of limonene-treated to healthy human blood goes in unison with gene expression studies in which the gene was found to be downregulated. Anti-cariogenic efficacy of limonene against was confirmed, with inhibition of acid production and downregulation of the gene. Downregulation of the and genes, which play a critical role in regulating surface-associated proteins in and , respectively, is yet further evidence to show that limonene targets surface-associated proteins. The results of physiological assays and gene expression studies clearly show that the surface-associated antagonistic mechanism of limonene also reduces surface-mediated virulence factors.

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2015-08-01
2024-03-28
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