1887

Abstract

A healthy vaginal environment is predominated by certain species, which lead to the prevention of infections of the reproductive tract. This study examined the characteristics of cultivable species in both healthy women and women with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Between November 2011 and September 2013, 139 women attending a women's clinic in Mysore, India, were evaluated for BV in a cross-sectional study. BV was diagnosed using Amsel's criteria: homogeneous vaginal discharge, vaginal pH >4.5, production of amines, and presence of “clue” cells. Those with three or more of the characteristics were considered to have BV. Vaginal swabs were then cultured in Rogosa agar and de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth. Gram-positive lactobacilli generating 600–800 bp amplicons by16 sRNA were further characterized by sequencing. Cultivable vaginal samples were obtained from 132 women (94.9 %). According to the Amsel criteria, 83 women (62.1 %) were healthy, and 49 (37.1 %) had BV. Eleven different species were isolated from 47 women. The common lactobacilli species found in this sample included (39.6 %), (45.8 %), and (14.6 %). Lactobacilli were isolated from 39 healthy women and eight with BV. was cultured from 18.8 % of healthy women and 6.1 % with BV. The presence of was significantly associated with normal vaginal microbiota (-value = 0.026). These results further our understanding of vaginal lactobacilli colonization and richness in this particular population. Our findings showed that lactobacilli species present in the vaginas of healthy women in India do not differ from those reported from other countries.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000070
2015-06-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/64/6/636.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000070&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Amsel R., Totten P. A., Spiegel C. A., Chen K. C., Eschenbach D., Holmes K. K. 1983; Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 74:14–22 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Antonio M. A., Hawes S. E., Hillier S. L. 1999; The identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species. J Infect Dis 180:1950–1956 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bäckhed F., Ley R. E., Sonnenburg J. L., Peterson D. A., Gordon J. I. 2005; Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307:1915–1920 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Chaban B., Links M. G., Jayaprakash T. P., Wagner E. C., Bourque D. K., Lohn Z., Albert A. Y., van Schalkwyk J., Reid G., other authors. 2014; Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of healthy Canadian women through the menstrual cycle. Microbiome 2:23 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Damelin L. H., Paximadis M., Mavri-Damelin D., Birkhead M., Lewis D. A., Tiemessen C. T. 2011; Identification of predominant culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species and associated bacteriophages from women with and without vaginal discharge syndrome in South Africa. J Med Microbiol 60:180–183 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Garg K. B., Ganguli I., Das R., Talwar G. P. 2009; Spectrum of Lactobacillus species present in healthy vagina of Indian women. Indian J Med Res 129:652–657[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Linhares I. M., Giraldo P. C., Baracat E. C. 2010; [New findings about vaginal bacterial flora]. Rev Assoc Med Bras 56:370–374 [View Article][PubMed] (in Portuguese)
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Ma B., Forney L. J., Ravel J. 2012; Vaginal microbiome: rethinking health and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol 66:371–389 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Madhivanan P., Raphael E., Rumphs A., Krupp K., Ravi K., Srinivas V., Arun A., Reingold A. L., Klausner J. D., Riley L. W. 2014; Characterization of culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species among women with and without bacterial vaginosis from the United States and India: a cross-sectional study. J Med Microbiol 63:931–935 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Martinez-Freijo P., Fluit A. C., Schmitz F. J., Grek V. S., Verhoef J., Jones M. E., Class I. 1998; Class Integrons in Gram-negative isolates from different European hospitals and association with decreased susceptibility to multiple antibiotic compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother 42:689–696 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Mendes-Soares H., Suzuki H., Hickey R. J., Forney L. J. 2014; Comparative functional genomics of Lactobacillus spp. reveals possible mechanisms for specialization of vaginal lactobacilli to their environment. J Bacteriol 196:1458–1470 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Nardis C., Mosca L., Mastromarino P. 2013; Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases. Ann Ig 25:443–456[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Nugent R. P., Krohn M. A., Hillier S. L. 1991; Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 29:297–301[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Razzak M. S., Al-Charrakh A. H., Al-Greitty B. H. 2011; Relationship between lactobacilli and opportunistic bacterial pathogens associated with vaginitis. N Am J Med Sci 3:185–192 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Rendón-Maldonado J. G., Espinosa-Cantellano M., González-Robles A., Martínez-Palomo A. 1998; Trichomonas vaginalis: in vitro phagocytosis of lactobacilli, vaginal epithelial cells, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. Exp Parasitol 89:241–250 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Song Y., Kato N., Liu C., Matsumiya Y., Kato H., Watanabe K. 2000; Rapid identification of 11 human intestinal Lactobacillus species by multiplex PCR assays using group- and species-specific primers derived from the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region and its flanking 23S rRNA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 187:167–173[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Tamrakar R., Yamada T., Furuta I., Cho K., Morikawa M., Yamada H., Sakuragi N., Minakami H. 2007; Association between Lactobacillus species and bacterial vaginosis-related bacteria, and bacterial vaginosis scores in pregnant Japanese women. BMC Infect Dis 7:128 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. van de Wijgert J. H., Borgdorff H., Verhelst R., Crucitti T., Francis S., Verstraelen H., Jespers V. 2014; The vaginal microbiota: what have we learned after a decade of molecular characterization?. PLoS One 9:e105998 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Vásquez A., Jakobsson T., Ahrné S., Forsum U., Molin G. 2002; Vaginal Lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish women. J Clin Microbiol 40:2746–2749 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Verstraelen H., Verhelst R., Claeys G., De Backer E., Temmerman M., Vaneechoutte M. 2009; Longitudinal analysis of the vaginal microflora in pregnancy suggests that L. crispatus promotes the stability of the normal vaginal microflora and that L. gasseri and/or L. iners are more conducive to the occurrence of abnormal vaginal microflora. BMC Microbiol 9:116 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Yan D. H., Z., Su J. R. 2009; Comparison of main Lactobacillus species between healthy women and women with bacterial vaginosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 122:2748–2751[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000070
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000070
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error