1887
Preview this article:

There is no abstract available.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-41-2-74
1994-08-01
2024-04-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/41/2/medmicro-41-2-74.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-41-2-74&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Kirsner JB. Inflammatory bowel disease. Part I: Nature and pathogenesis. Dis Mon 1991; 37:605–666
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Kinnear WJ. Crohn’s disease affecting the nasal mucosa. J Otolaryngol 1985; 14:399–400
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Cameron DJ. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in children and adolescents with Crohn’s disease: a prospective study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6:355–358
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Kyle J. Rare complications of Crohn’s (Dalziel’s) disease. Aust NZ J Surg 1991; 61:489–492
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Rickert RR. The important “impostors” in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984; 6:153–163
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chiodini RJ. Crohn’s disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989; 2:90–117
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Fireman Z, Grossman A, Lilos P. et al. Intestinal cancer in patients with Crohn’s disease. A population study in central Israel. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24:346–350
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Fireman Z, Grossman A, Lilos P, Eshchar Y, Theodor E, Gilat T. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease in the Jewish population of central Israel, 1970–1980. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84:255–258
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Jewell DP. Crohn’s disease. Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA. (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, 2nd. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 198712.121–12.126
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Weterman IT, Pena AS. Familial incidence of Crohn’s disease in The Netherlands and a review of the literature. Gastroenterology 1984; 86:449–452
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Collins CH, Grange JM. The bovine tubercle bacillus. J Appl Bacteriol 1983; 55:13–29
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Greene JB, Sidhu GS, Lewin S. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a cause of disseminated life-threatening infection in homosexuals and drug abusers. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:539–546
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Zakowski P, Fligiel PS, Berlin OGW, Johnson BL. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in homosexual men dying of acquired immunodeficiency. JAMA 1982; 248:2980–2982
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Schneebaum CW, Novick DM, Chabon AB, Strutynsky N, Yancovitz SR, Freund S. Terminal ileitis associated with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in a homosexual man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 1987; 92:1127–1132
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Thorel MF, Krichevsky M, Levy-Frebault VV. Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990; 40:254–260
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Saxegaard F, Baess I. Relationship between Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and “wood pigeon mycobacteria”, Determination by DNA-DNA hybridization. APMIS 1988; 96:37–42
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Saxegaard F, Baess I, Tzen E. Characterization of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by DNA-DNA hybridization and cellular fatty acid analysis. APMIS 1988; 96:497–502
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Rogall T, Wolters J, Flohr T, Bottger EC. Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the genus Mycobacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990; 40:323–330
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Boddinghaus B, Wolters J, Heikens W, Bottger EC. Phylogenetic analysis and identification of different serovars of Mycobacterium intracellulare at the molecular level. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990; 70:197–203
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Thoreson OF, Saxegaard F. Gen-Probe rapid diagnostic system for the Mycobacterium-avium complex does not distinguish between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:625–626
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Morgan KL. Johne’s and Crohn’s. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases of infectious aetiology? Lancet 1987; 1:1017–1019
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hermon-Taylor J, Moss M, Tizard M, Malik Z, Sandeson J. Molecular biology of Crohn’s disease mycobacteria. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 4:23–42
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Graham DY, Markesich DC, Yoshimura HH. Mycobacteria and inflammatory bowel disease. Results of culture. Gastroenterology 1987; 92:346–342
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Wolinsky E, Rynearson TK. Mycobacteria in soil and their relation to disease-associated strains. Am Rev Respir Dìs 1968; 97:1032–1037
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Sonnenberg A. Geographic variation in the incidence of and mortality from inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29:854–861
    [Google Scholar]
  26. de Dombal FT. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease of the colon. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol 1985; 21:191–200
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Calkins BM, Mendeloff AI. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Epidemiol Rev 1986; 8:60–91
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Higashi A, Watanabe Y, Ozasa K, Hayashi K, Aoike A, Kawai K. Prevalence and mortality of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in Japan. Gastroenterol Jap 1988; 23:521–526
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Binder V. Epidemiology, course and socio-economic influence of inflammatory bowel disease. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1988; 118:738–742
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Barton JR, Gillon S, Ferguson A. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Scottish children between 1968 and 1983, marginal fall in ulcerative colitis, three-fold rise in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1989; 30:618–622
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Calkins BM, Lilienfeld AM, Garland CF, Mendeloff AI. Trends in incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:913–920
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Sandler RS, Golden AL. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8:160–5
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Brahme F, Lindstrom C, Wenckert A. Crohn’s disease in a defined population. An epidemiological study of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and secular trends in the city of Malmo, Sweden. Gastroenterology 1975; 69:342–351
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Kyle J, Stark G. Fall in the incidence of Crohn’s disease. Gut 1980; 21:340–343
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Centers for Disease Control 1989 tuberculosis statistics in the United States US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 199110–11
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Sathe S, Sarai A. Mycobacterial infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1992; 5:176–182
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Kildebo S, Breckan R, Nordgaard K, Burhol PG, Jorde R. The incidence of Crohn’s disease in northern Norway from 1983 to 1986. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24:1265–1270
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Pinchbeck BR, Kirdeikis J, Thomson AB. Inflammatory bowel disease in northern Alberta. An epidemiologic study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10:505–515
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Gilat T, Rozen P. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: etiologic implications. Isr J Med Sci 1979; 15:305–308
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Mayberry JF, Judd D, Smart H, Rhodes J, Calcraft B, Morris JS. Crohn’s disease in Jewish people—an epidemiological study in south-east Wales. Digestion 1986; 35:237–240
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Wright JP, Froggatt J, O’Keefe EA. et al. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Cape Town 1980–1984. S Afr MedJ 1986; 70:10–15
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Roth MP, Petersen GM, McElree C, Vadheim CM, Panish JF, Rotter JI. Familial empiric risk estimates of inflammatory bowel disease in Ashkenazi Jews. Gastroenterology 1989; 96:1016–1020
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Odes HS, Fraser D, Krawiec J. Inflammatory bowel disease in migrant and native Jewish populations of southern Israel. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1989; 170:36–3850–55
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Odes HS, Fraser D, Hollander L. Epidemiological data of Crohn’s disease in Israel: etiological implications. Public Health Rev 1989; 17:321–335
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Odes HS, Fraser D, Krugliak P, Fenyves D, Fraser GM, Sperber AD. Inflammatory bowel disease in the Bedouin Arabs of southern Israel: rarity of diagnosis and clinical features. Gut 1991; 32:1024–1026
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Al-Nakib B, Radhakrishnan S, Jacob GS, Al-Liddawi H, Al-Rwaih A. Inflammatory bowel disease in Kuwait. Am J Gastroenterol 1984; 79:191–194
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Krawiec J, Odes HS, Lasry Y, Krugliak P, Weitzman S. Aspects of the epidemiology of Crohn’s disease in the Jewish population in Beer Sheva, Israel. Isr J Med Sci 1984; 20:16–21
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Zlotogora J, Zimmerman J, Rachmilewitz D. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in family members of Jewish Crohn’s disease patients in Israel. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:471–475
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Rozen P, Zonis J, Yekutiel P, Gilat T. Crohn’s disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects. Gastroenterology 1979; 76:25–30
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Roth MP, Petersen GM, McElree C, Feldman E, Rotter JI. Geographic origins of Jewish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1989; 97:900–904
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Mayberry JF. Recent epidemiology of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 1989; 4:59–66
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Dua KS, Mowat NA. Familial Crohn’s disease, including spouse. Scott Med J 1988; 33:372–373
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Rosenberg JL, Jraft SC, Jirsner JB. Inflammatory bowel disease in all three members of one family. Gastroenterology 1976; 70:759–760
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Whorwell PJ, Eade OE, Gossenbocus A, Bamforth J. Crohn’s disease in a husband and wife. Lancet 1978; 2:186–187
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Mayberry JF, Rhodes J, Newcombe RG. Familial prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in relative of patients with Crohn’s disease. BMJ 1980; 1:84
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Hellers G. Crohn’s disease in Stockholm County 1955–1974. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1979; 490:5–82
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Purrmann J, Gleveland S, Hengels KJ. Investigations of various inheritance models in Crohn’s disease. Z Gastroenterol 1991; 29:276
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Singer HC, Anderson JGD, Frischer H, Kirsner JB. Familial aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1971; 61:423–430
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Lashner BA, Evans AP, Kirsner JB, Hanauer SB. Prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in family members. Gastroenterology 1986; 91:1396–1400
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Monsen U. Inflammatory bowel disease. An epidemiological and genetic study. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1990; 559:1–42
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Farmer RG, Michener WM, Sivak DS. Studies of family history in inflammatory bowel disease. Pena AS, Weterman IT, Booth CC, Strober W. (eds) Recent advances in Crohn’s disease. Developments in gastroenterology vol. 1 The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff; 1981213–218
    [Google Scholar]
  62. MacDermott RP, Stenson WF. Alterations of the immune system in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Adv Immunol 1988; 42:285–328
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Eade OE, Moulton C, MacPherson BR, Andre-Ukena SS, Albertini RJ. Discordant HLA haplotype segregation in familial Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:271–275
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Delpre G, Kadish U, Gazit E, Joshua H, Zamir R. HLA antigens in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in Israel. Gastroenterology 1980; 78:1452–1457
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Colombel JF, Guillemot F, Van Gossum A. et al. Familial Crohn’s disease in multiple siblings: no linkage to the HLA system. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1989; 13:676–678
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Biemond I, Burnham WR, D’amaro J, Langman MJ. HLA-A and -B antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1986; 27:934–941
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Kagnoff MF, Brown RJ, Schanfield MS. Association between Crohn’s disease and immunoglobulin heavy chain (Gm) allotypes. Gastroenterology 1983; 85:1044–1047
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Gudjonsson H, Schanfield MS, Albertini RJ, McAuliffe TL, . Beeken WL, Krawitt EL. Association and linkage studies of immunoglobulin heavy chain allotypes in inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue Antigens 1988; 31:243–249
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Prantera C, Berto E, Scribano ML. Mycobacteria and subgroups of patients in Crohn’s disease. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 23:49–51
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Beaugerie L, Le Quintrec Y, Paris JC. et al. Testing for course patterns in Crohn’s disease using clustering analysis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1989; 13:1036–1041
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Harris ML, Bayless TM. Dietary antigens as aggravating factors in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:1613–1614
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Bjarnason I, O’Morain C, Lev AJ, Peters TJ. Absorption of 51 Chromium labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Gastroenterology 1983; 85:318–322
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Davidson IW, Lloyd RS, Whorwell PJ, Wright R. Antibodies to maize in patients with Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1979; 35:147–148
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Knoflach P, Park BH, Cunningham R, Weiser MM, Albini B. Serum antibodies to cow’s milk proteins in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1987; 92:470–485
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Biancone L, Paganelli R, Fais S. et al. Peripheral and intestinal lymphocyte activation after in vitro exposure to cow’s milk antigens in normal subjects and in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1987; 45:491–498
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Chao LP, Steele J, Rodrigues C. et al. Specificity of antibodies secreted by hybridomas generated from activated B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1988; 29:35–40
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Gilat T, Hacohen D, Lilos P, Langman MJ. Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. An international cooperative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22:1009–1024
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Bergstrand O, Hellers G. Breast-feeding during infancy in patients who later develop Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18:903–906
    [Google Scholar]
  79. O’Morain C. Diet and Crohn’s disease. Mol Aspects Med 1987; 9:113–118
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Martini GA, Brandes JW. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in patients with Crohn’s disease. Klin Wochenschr 1976; 54:367–371
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Sonnenberg A. Geographic and temporal variations of sugar and margarine consumption in relation to Crohn’s disease. Digestion 1988; 41:161–171
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Nanji AA, Denardi FG. Primary adult lactose intolerance protects against development of inflammatory bowel disease. Med Hypotheses 1986; 19:1–6
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Postuma R, Moroz SP. Pediatric Crohn’s disease. J Ped Surg 1985; 20:478–482
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Afdhal NH, Kelly J, McCormick PA, O’Donoghue DP. Remission induction in refractory Crohn’s disease using a high calorie whole diet. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989; 13:362–365
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Ritchie JK, Wadsworth J, Lennard-Jones JE, Rogers E. Controlled multicentre therapeutic trial of an unrefined carbohydrate, fibre rich diet in Crohn’s disease. BMJ 1987; 295:517–520
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Best WR, Becktel GM, Singletone JW. Development of a Crohn’s diseases activity index. Gastroenterology 1976; 70:439–444
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Giafîer MH, Holdsworth CD, Duerden . The assessment of faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease by a simplified bacteriological technique. J Med Microbiol 1991; 35:238–243
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Horing E, Gopfert D, Schroter G, von Gaisberg U. Frequency and spectrum of microorganisms isolated from biopsy specimens in chronic colitis. Endoscopy 1991; 23:325–327
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Ambrose NS, Johnson M, Burdon DW, Keighley MR. Incidence of pathogenic bacteria from mesenteric lymph nodes and ileal serosa during Crohn’s disease surgery. Br J Surg 1984; 71:623–625
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Wensinck F. The faecal flora of patients with Crohn’s disease. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1975; 41:214–215
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Wensinck F. Faecal flora of Crohn’s patient. Serological differentiation between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Weterman IT, Pena AS, Booth CC. (eds) The management of Crohn’s disease Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1976103–106
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Van de Merwe JP, Schmitz PIM, Wensinck F. Antibodies to Eubacterium and Peptostreptococcus species and the estimated probability of Crohn’s disease. J Hyg 1981; 87:25–33
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Matthews N, Mayberry JF, Rhodes J. et al. Agglutinins to bacteria in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1980; 21:376–380
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Howells B, Matthews N, Mayberry JF, Rhodes J. Agglutinins to anaerobic bacteria in Crohn’s disease and in Indian patients with diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 1984; 17:207–209
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Brown WR, Lee E. Radioimmunological measurement of bacterial antibodies 1: Human serum antibodies reactive with Bacteriodes fragilis and Enterococcus in gastrointestinal and immunological disorders. Gastroenterology 1974; 66:1145–1158
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Thayer WR, Brown M, Sangree H, Katz J, Hersh T. Escherichia coli O:14 and colon hemagglutinating antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1969; 57:311–316
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Tabaqchali S, O’Donoghue DP, Bettelheim KA. Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1978; 19:180–213
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Blaser MJ, Miller RA, Lacher J, Singleton JW. Patients with active Crohn’s disease have elevated serum antibodies to antigens of seven enteric bacterial pathogens. Gastroenterology 1984; 87:888–894
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Persson S, Danielsson D, Kjellander J, Wallensten S. Studies on Crohn’s disease. 1. The relationship between Yersinia enterocolitica infection and terminal ileitis. Acta Chir Scand 1976; 142:84–90
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Forsberg DA, Wall TC, Garbutt JT. When Crohn’s disease is not Crohn’s disease. NC Med J 1985; 46:199–200
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Manley PN, Dhru R. Actinomycosis complicating Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:934–937
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Szilagyi A, Gerson M, Mendelson J, Yusuf NA. Salmonella infections complicating inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985; 7:251–255
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Scheurlen C, Kruis W, Spengler U, Weinzierl M, Paumgartner G, Lamina J. Crohn’s disease is frequently complicated by giardiasis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23:833–839
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Mee AS, Shield M, Burke M. Campylobacter colitis: differentiation from acute inflammatory bowel disease. J R Soc Med 1985; 78:217–223
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Kato Y, Hattori T, Oh-Ya H, Yoshino S, Kato H. Acute terminal ileitis and Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Gastroenterol Jpn 1977; 12:36–43
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Aspestrand F. The early manifestation of Yersinia colitis demonstrated by the double-contrast barium enema. Radiology 1986; 26:549–551
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Payne M, Girdwood AH, Roost RW, Freson MJ, Kottier RE. Yersinia enterocolitica and Crohn’s disease. A case report. S Afr Med J 1987; 72:53–55
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Levine JS, Smith PD, Brugge WR. Chronic proctitis in male homosexuals due to lymphogranuloma venereum. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:563–565
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Schuller JL, Piket-Van UJ, Veeken IVD, Michael MF, Stolz E. Antibodies against chlamydia of lymphogranuloma venereum-type in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1979; 1:19–20
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Cevenini R, Donati M, Landini MP. et al. Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with Crohn’s disease. Microbiologica 1980; 3:109–113
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Orda R, Samra Z, Levy Y, Shperber Y, Scapa E. Chlamydia trachomatis and inflammatory bowel disease—a coincidence?. J R Soc Med 1990; 83:15–17
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Elliott PR, Forsey T, Darougar S, Treharne JD, Lennard-Jones JE. Chlamydiae and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1981; 22:25–27
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Taylor-Robinson D, O’Morain CA, Thomas BJ, Levi AJ. Low frequency of chlamydial antibodies in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1979; 1:1162–1163
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Swarbrick ET, Kingham JG, Price HL. et al. Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and yersinia in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1979; 2:11–12
    [Google Scholar]
  115. McGarity BH, Robertson DAF, Clarke WR. Deoxyribonucleic acid amplification and hybridisation in Crohn’s disease using a chlamydial plasmid probe. Gut 1991; 35:1011–1015
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Cullen JH. Intestinal tuberculosis. A clinical pathological study. Q Bull Seaview Hosp 1940; 5:143–160
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Hoon JR, Dockerty B, Pemberton J. Ileocecal tuberculosis including a comparison of this disease with non specific regional enterocolitis and noncaseous tuberculated enterocolitis. Int Abs Surg 1950; 91:417–440
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Segal I. Intestinal tuberculosis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in an urban black population. S Afr Med J 1984; 65:37–44
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Kovalyov GK. On human tuberculosis due to M. bovis. A review. J Hyq Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1989; 33:199–206
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Tandon HD, Prakash A. Pathology of intestinal tuberculosis and its distinction from Crohn’s disease. Gut 1972; 13:260–269
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Carrera GG, Young S, Lewicki AM. Intestinal tuberculosis. Gastrointest Radiol 1976; 1:147–155
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Abrams JS, Holden WD. Tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Surg 1964; 89:282–293
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Paustian F, Bockus H. So-called primary ulcerotrophic ileocecal tuberculosis. Am J Med 1959; 27:509–518
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Shah IC. Ileocecal tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. NY State J Med 1973; 73:949–951
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Wig KLN, Chitkara SP, Gupta SP, Kishore K, Manchada RL. Ileocecal tuberculosis with particular reference to isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. With a note on its relation to regional ileitis (Crohn’s disease). Am Rev Respir Dis 1961; 84:169–178
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Francis J. Infection of laboratory animals with Mycobacterium johnei. J Comp Pathol 1940; 53:140–149
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Doyle TM. Susceptibility to Johne’s disease in relation to age. Vet Rec 1953; 65:363–336
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Hagan WA. Age as a factor in susceptibility to Johne’s disease. Cornell Vet 1938; 28:34–40
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Rankin JD. The experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium johnei. II Adult cattle inoculated intravenously. J Comp Pathol 1961; 71:6–9
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Rankin JD. The experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium johnei. IV Adult cattle maintained in an infectious environment. J Comp Pathol 1962; 72:113–117
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Brotherston JG, Gilmour NJL. A reappraisal of the pathogenesis and immunity to Mycobacterium johnei in sheep, calves, hamsters and mice using a quantitative bacteriologie technique. Proceedings of the Seventeenth World Veterinary CongressHanover1963487–493
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Chiodini RJ, Kruiningen HJV, Merkal RS, Thayer WR, Coutu JA. Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20:966–971
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Thayer WR, Merkal RS, Coutu JA. Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:1073–1079
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Dunkin GW. Johne’s disease. Its economic significance and early detection. Vet Rec 1935; 14:1551–1559
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Macindoe RHJ. What can we do about Johne’s disease?. Aust Vet J 1950; 26:216–220
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Larsen AB, Merkal RS, Cutlip RC. Age of cattle as related to resistance to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 1975; 36:255–257
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Withers FW. Incidence of the disease. Vet Rec 1959; 71:1150–1153
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Chiodini RJ, Kruiningen HJV, Merkal RS. Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet 1984; 74:218–262
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Merkal RS, Larsen AB, Kopecky KE, Ness RD. Comparison of examination and test methods for early detection of paratuberculous cattle. Am J Vet Res 1968; 29:1533–1537
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Taylor TK, Wilks CR, McQueen DS. Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from the milk of a cow with Johne’s disease. Vet Rec 1981; 109:532–533
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Van der Giessen JWB, Eger A, Haagsma J, Haring RM, Gaastra W, Ven der Zeijst BAM. Amplification of 16SRNA sequences to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 1992; 36:255–263
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Sugden EA, Corner AH, Samagh BS. et al. Serodiagnosis of ovine paratuberculosis using lipoarabinomannan in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50:850–854
    [Google Scholar]
  143. McNab WB, Meek AH, Duncan JR. et al. An evaluation of selected screening tests for bovine paratuberculosis. Can J Vet Res 1991; 55:252–259
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Sugden EA, Brooks BW, Young NM. et al. Chromatographic purification and characterisation of antigens A and D from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and their use in enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in sheep. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1659–1664
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Abbas B, Riemann HP, Lonnerdal B. Isolation of specific peptides from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis protoplasm and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in cattle. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:2229–2236
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Yokomizo Y, Kishima M, Mori Y, Nishimori K. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in comparison with complement fixation test for the diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 1991; 53:577–584
    [Google Scholar]
  147. McDiarmid A. Diseases of free living wild animals. FAO Agricultural Studies 1962; 57:10
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Soltys MA, Wise DR. Atypical Mycobacterium in tuberculosislike lesions in woodpigeons. J Pathol Bacteriol 1967; 93:351–352
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Thorel MF, Desmettre P. Comparative study of mycobactin-dependent strains of mycobacteria isolated from wood-pigeon with Mycobacterium avium and M. paratuberculosis. Ann Microbiol (Inst Pasteur) 1982; 133B:291–302
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Cline JM, Schlafer DW, Callihan DR, Vanderwall D, Drazek FJ. Abortion and granulomatous colitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a horse. Vet Pathol 1991; 28:89–91
    [Google Scholar]
  151. McClure HM, Chiodini RJ, Anderson DC, Swenson RB, Thayer WR, Coutu JA. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in a colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). J Infect Dis 1987; 155:1011–1019
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Thayer WR, Coutu JA. Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:357–363
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Meissner G, Anz W. Sources of Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulting in human diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116:1057–1064
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Kubica GP, Beam RE, Palmer JW. A method for the isolation of unclassified acid-fast bacilli from soil and water. Am Rev Respir Dis 1963; 88:718
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Jones RJ, Jenkins DE, Hsu KH. Raw milk as a source of mycobacteria. Can J Microbiol 1966; 12:979–84
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Chapman JS, Speight M. Isolation of atypical mycobacteria from pasteurized milk. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968 98:1052–1054
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Hosty TS, McDurmont CI. Isolation of acid-fast organisms from milk and oysters. Health Lab Sci 1975; 12:16–19
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Dunn BL, Hodges DJ. ‘Atypical’ mycobacteria in milk. J Appl Bacteriol 1982; 52:373–376
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Girdhar A, Girdhar BK, Ramu G. et al. Discharge of M. leprae in milk of leprosy patients. Lepr Ind 1989; 53:390–394
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Rosenberger AE. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from milk and supramammary lymph nodes of infected asymptomatic cows. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:166–171
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Merkal RS, Crawford JA. Heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex organisms in aqueous suspension. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38:827–830
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Merkal RS, Crawford JA, Whipple DL. Heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex organisms in meat products. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38:831–835
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Merkal RS, Whipple DL. Inactivation of Mycobacterium bovis in meat products. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 40:282–284
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Merkal RS, Lyle PS, Whipple DL. Heat inactivation of in vivo- and in vitro-grown mycobacteria in meat products. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:1484–1485
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Thornton H. Textbook of meat inspection including the inspection of rabbits and poultry, 4th. London, Bailliere: Tindall and Cassell; 1962
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Pavlas M. Thermoresistance of mycobacteria. Acta Vet Brno 1990; 59:65–71
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Crohn B, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer G. Regional ileitis, a pathological and clinical entity. JAMA 1932; 99:1323–1329
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Van Patter W. Pathology and pathogenesis of regional enteritis PhD thesis University of Minnesota; 1952
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Burnham WR, Lennard-Jones JE, Stanford JL, Bird RG. Mycobacteria as a possible cause of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1978; 2:693–696
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Mankiewicz E, Van Walbeek M. Mycobacteriophages. Their role in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Arch Environ Health 1962; 5:122–8
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Gitnick G, Collins J, Beaman B, Brooks D, Arthur M. Mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1985; 88:1396
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Coloe PJ, Wilks CR, Lightfoot D, Tosolini FA. Isolation of a Mycobacterium sp. resembling M. paratuberculosis from the bowel tissues of a patient with Crohn’s disease. Aust Microbiol 1986; 7:188
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Haagsma J, Mulder CJJ, Eger A, Tytgat GNJ. A study of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Preliminary results. MacDermott RP. (ed) Inflammatory bowel disease; current status and future approach Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988539–542
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Colemont LJ, Pattyn SR, Michielsen PP. et al. Acid-fast bacilli in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1988; 1:294–295
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Markesich DC, Graham DY, Yoshimura HH. Progress in culture and subculture of spheroplasts and fastidious acid-fast bacilli isolated from intestinal tissues. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:1600–1603
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Graham DY, Markesich DC, Yoshimura HH. Mycobacteria as the cause of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1989; 97:1354–1356
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Gitnick G, Collins J, Beaman B. et al. Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:925–932
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Bottger EC. Gen-Probe Rapid diagnostic system for distinguishing between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:2360–2361
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Lambrecht RS, Collins MT. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: factors that influence mycobactin dependence. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15:239–246
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Matthews PRJ, Sargent A. The isolation of mycobacteria from the brown hare. Br Vet J 1977; 133:399–404
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Matthews PRJ, McDiarmid A, Collins P, Brown A. The dependence of some strains of Mycobacterium avium on mycobactin for initial and subsequent growth. J Med Microbiol 1978; 11:53–59
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Collins P, Matthews PR, McDiarmid A, Brown A. The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium and related mycobacteria for experimental animals. J Med Microbiol 1983; 16:27–35
    [Google Scholar]
  183. McFadden JJ, Butcher DP, Thompson J, Chiodini R, Hermon-Taylor J. The use of DNA probes identifying restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms to examine the Mycobacterium avium complex. Mol Microbiol 1987; 1:283–291
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Merkal RS, Curran BJ. Growth and metabolic characteristics of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Appl Microbiol 1974; 28:276–279
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Collins DM, DeLisle GW. Restriction endonuclease analysis of various strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from cattle. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:2226
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Whipple D, Kapke P, Vary C. Identification of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in DNA from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:2561–2564
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Stahl DA, Urbance JW. The division between fast- and slow-growing species, corresponds to natural relationships among the mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:116–124
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Collins DM, Gabric DM, De Lisle G. Identification of two groups of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strains by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:1591–1596
    [Google Scholar]
  189. McFadden JJ, Butcher PD, Chiodini R, Hermon-Taylor J. Crohn’s disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between mycobacterial species. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:796–801
    [Google Scholar]
  190. Boddinghaus B, Rogall T, Flohr T, Blocker H, Bottger EC. Detection and identification of mycobacteria by amplification of rRNA. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:1751–1759
    [Google Scholar]
  191. McIntyre G, Stanford JL. Immunodiffusion analysis shows that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and other mycobactin dependent mycobacteria are variants of Mycobacterium avium. J Appl Bacteriol 1986; 61:293–298
    [Google Scholar]
  192. Matthews PRJ, McDiarmid A. The production in bovine calves of a disease resembling paratuberculosis with a Mycobacterium species isolated from a woodpigeon (Columba palumbus). Vet Rec 1979; 104:286
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Good RC. Diseases in nonhuman primates. Kubica GP, Wayne LG. (eds) The mycobacteria; a sourcebook New York: Marcel Dekker; 1984903–924
    [Google Scholar]
  194. McFadden JJ, Butcher PD, Chiodini RJ, Hermon-Taylor J. Determination of genome size and DNA homology between an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease and other mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 1987; 133:211–214
    [Google Scholar]
  195. Yoshimura HH, Graham DY, Estes MK, Merkal RS. Investigation of association of mycobacteria with inflammatory bowel disease by nucleic acid hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:45–51
    [Google Scholar]
  196. Butcher PD, McFadden JJ, Hermon-Taylor J. The use of cloned mycobacterial DNA probes for the detection of mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease tissue. Biochem Soc Trans 1987; 15:547–549
    [Google Scholar]
  197. Butcher PD, McFadden JJ, Hermon-Taylor J. Investigation of mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease tissue by Southern blotting and DNA hybridisation with cloned mycobacterial genomic DNA probes from a Crohn’s disease isolated mycobacteria. Gut 1988; 29:1222–1228
    [Google Scholar]
  198. Green EP, Tizard ML, Moss MT. et al. Sequence and characteristics of IS900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn’s disease isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:9063–9073
    [Google Scholar]
  199. Pao CC, Yen B, You JB, Maa SJ, Fiss HE. Detection and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA amplification. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:1877–1880
    [Google Scholar]
  200. Saboor SA, Johnson N, McFadden J. Detection of mycobacterial DNA in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis with polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1992; 339:1012
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Mitchell IC, Turk JL, Mitchell DN. Detection of mycobacterial rRNA in sarcoidosis with liquid-phase hybridisation. Lancet 1992; 339:1015–1017
    [Google Scholar]
  202. Graham DY, Markesich DC, Kalter DC, Moss MT, Hermon-Taylor J, El-Zaatari FAK. Mycobacterial aetiology of sarcoidosis. Lancet 1992; 340:52–53
    [Google Scholar]
  203. Gerdes J, Ricter E, Greinert U. et al. Mycobacterial nucleic acids in sarcoid lesions. Lancet 1992; 339:1536–1537
    [Google Scholar]
  204. Bocart D, Lecossier D, de Lassence A, Valegre D, Battesti JP, Hance AJ. A search for mycobacterial DNA in granulomatous tissues from patients with sarcoidosis using the polymerase chain reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1142–1148
    [Google Scholar]
  205. Arnoldi J, Schuluter C, Duchrow M. et al. TI species-specific assessment of Mycobacterium leprae in skin biopsies by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest 1992; 66:618–623
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Fries UWJ, Patel JR, Piessens FW, Wirth D. Genus- and species-specific DNA probes to identify mycobacteria using the polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 1990; 4:87–105
    [Google Scholar]
  207. Hance JA, Grandchamp B, Levy-Frebault V. et al. Detection and identification of mycobacteria by amplification of mycobacterial DNA. Mol Microbiol 1989; 3:843–849
    [Google Scholar]
  208. Peneau A, Moinard D, Beard I, Pascal O, Moisan JP. Detection of mycobacteria using the polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:270–271
    [Google Scholar]
  209. Plikaytis BB, Plikaytis BD, Yakrus MA. et al. Differentiation of slowly growing Mycobacterium species, including Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, by gene amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1815–1822
    [Google Scholar]
  210. Fiss EH, Chehab FF, Brooks G. DNA Amplification and reverse dot blot hybridization for detection and identification of mycobacteria to the species level in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1220–1224
    [Google Scholar]
  211. Moss MT, Green EP, Tizard ML, Malik ZP, Hermon-Taylor J. Specific detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by DNA hybridisation with a fragment of the insertion element IS900. Gut 1991; 32:395–398
    [Google Scholar]
  212. Moss MT, Sanderson JD, Tizard ML. et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum in long term cultures from Crohn’s disease and control tissues. Gut 1992; 33:1290–1213
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Sanderson JD, Moss MT, Tizard ML. et al. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn’s disease tissue. Gut 1992; 33:890–896
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Wu SW, Pao CC, Chan J, Yen TS. Lack of mycobacterial DNA in Crohn’s disease tissue. Lancet 1991; 337:174–175
    [Google Scholar]
  215. Wall S, Kunze ZM, Saboor S. et al. Identification of spheroplast-like agents isolated from tissues of patients with Crohn’s Disease and control tissues by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1241–1245
    [Google Scholar]
  216. White S, Nassau E, Burnham W, Stanford JL, Lennard-Jones JE. Further evidence for a mycobacterial aetiology of Crohn’s disease. Gut 1978; 19:A443–A444
    [Google Scholar]
  217. Thayer WR, Coutu JA, Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Merkal RS. Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. II. Mycobacterial antibodies in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:1080–1085
    [Google Scholar]
  218. Grange JM, Gibson J, Nassau E, Kardjito T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): a study of antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the IgG, IgA and IgM classes in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and Crohn’s disease. Tubercle 1980; 61:145–152
    [Google Scholar]
  219. Elliott PR, Lennard-Jones JE, Burnham WR, White S, Stanford JL. Further data on skin testing with mycobacterial antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1980; 2:483–484
    [Google Scholar]
  220. Whorwell PJ, Davidson IW, Beeken WL, Wright R. Search by immunofluorescence for antigens of Rotavirus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacterium kansasii in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1978; 2:697–698
    [Google Scholar]
  221. Haga Y, Funakoshi I, Nakajima H. et al. Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in sera of patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Organ Immunol 1986; 17:100–103
    [Google Scholar]
  222. Ratledge C, Stanford J. The biology of the mycobacteria: immunological and environmental aspects New York: Academic Press; 1983
    [Google Scholar]
  223. Brunello F, Pera A, Martini S. et al. Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:1741–1745
    [Google Scholar]
  224. Daniel TM, Debanne SM. The serodiagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135:1137–1151
    [Google Scholar]
  225. Thorns CJ, Morris JA. Shared epitopes between mycobacteria and other microorganisms. Res Vet Sci 1986; 41:275–276
    [Google Scholar]
  226. Brennan PJ. New-found glycolipid antigens of mycobacteria. Lieve L, Schlessinger D. (eds) Microbiology Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1984366–375
    [Google Scholar]
  227. Songer JG. Environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium for infection of animals and man. Proc Annu Meeting US Animal Health Assoc 1980; 84:528–535
    [Google Scholar]
  228. Camphausen RT, Jones RL, Brennan PJ. A glycolipid antigen specific to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: structure and antigenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA19853068–3072
    [Google Scholar]
  229. Cho SN, Brennan PJ, Yoshimura HH, Korelitz BI, Graham DY. Mycobacterial aetiology of Crohn’s disease: serologic study using common mycobacterial antigens and a species-specific glycolipid antigen from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Gut 1986; 27:1353–1356
    [Google Scholar]
  230. Camphausen RT, Jones RL, Brennan PJ. Structure and relevance of the oligosaccharide hapten of Mycobacterium avium serotype 2. J Bacteriol 1986; 168:660–667
    [Google Scholar]
  231. Tanaka K, Wilks M, Coates PJ, Farthing MJ, Walker-Smith JA, Tabaqchali S. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 1991; 32:43–45
    [Google Scholar]
  232. McFadden JJ, Houdayer C. No evidence for antibodies to mycobacterial A60 antigen in Crohn’s disease sera by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). J Med Microbiol 1988; 25:295–298
    [Google Scholar]
  233. Kobayashi K, Brown WR, Brennan PJ, Blaser MJ. Serum antibodies to mycobacterial antigens in active Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:1404–1411
    [Google Scholar]
  234. Markesich DC, Sawai ET, Butel JS, Graham DY. Investigations on etiology of Crohn’s disease. Humoral immune response to stress (heat shock): proteins. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:454–460
    [Google Scholar]
  235. McFadden JJ, Butcher PD, Winterbourne DJ, Hermon-Taylor J. No evidence for increased incidence of common cellular antigens recognized by Crohn’s disease antisera. J Clin Lab Immunol 1985; 18:87–90
    [Google Scholar]
  236. Perlmann P, Hammarstrom S. Antigen from colon of germfree rats and antibodies in human ulcerative colitis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965; 124:377–394
    [Google Scholar]
  237. Carlsson HE, Lagercrantz R, Perlmann P. Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. VIII. Antibodies to colon antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and other diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12:707–714
    [Google Scholar]
  238. Korsmeyer SJ, Strickland RG, Wilson ID, Williams RC. Serum lymphocytotoxic and lymphocytophilic antibody activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1974; 67:578–583
    [Google Scholar]
  239. Brandtzaeg P, Baklien K, Fausa O, Hoel PS. Immunohistochemical characterization of local immunoglobulin formation in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1974; 66:1123–1136
    [Google Scholar]
  240. Seyrig JA, Jian R, Modigliani R. Idiopathic pancreatitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 30:1121–1126
    [Google Scholar]
  241. Niemela S, Lehtola J, Karttunen T, Lahde S. Pancreatitis in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology 1989; 36:165–167
    [Google Scholar]
  242. Kobayashi K, Blaser MJ, Brown WR. Immunohistochemical examination for mycobacteria in intestinal tissues from patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1989; 96:1009–1015
    [Google Scholar]
  243. Blaauwgeers JL, Das PK, Slob AW, Houthoff HJ. Human gut wall reactivity to monoclonal antibodies against M. avium glycolipid in relation to Crohn’s disease (preliminary results). Acta Leprologica 19897 Suppl 1 138–140
    [Google Scholar]
  244. Stevens R, Oliver M, Brogan M, Heiserodt J, Targan S. Defective generation of tetanus-specific antibody-producing B cells after in vivo immunization of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. Gastroenterology 1985; 88:1860–1866
    [Google Scholar]
  245. Morganroth J, Watson DW. Sensitivity to atypical mycobacterial antigens in patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Dig Dis 1970; 15:653–657
    [Google Scholar]
  246. Jiwa NM, Mulder CJJ, van den Berg FM. et al. Elevated IgG to mycobacterial PPD’s in Crohn’s disease. Macdermott RP. (ed) Inflammatory bowel disease, current status and future approach Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1988543–546
    [Google Scholar]
  247. Thayer WR, Fixa B, Komarkova O. et al. Skin test reactivity in inflammatory bowel disease in the United States and Czechoslovakia. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23:337–340
    [Google Scholar]
  248. Beeken WL, Sessions JT, Bozymski EM. Correlations between clinical, blood leukocyte and skin test data in the National Cooperative Crohn’s Diseases Study. Gastroenterology 1979; 77:921–924
    [Google Scholar]
  249. Das PK, Blaauwgeers JLG, Slob AW. On the mycobacterial aetiology of Crohn’s disease: relevant immunological studies. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:A88
    [Google Scholar]
  250. Seldenrijk CA, Drexhage HA, Meuwissen SG, Meijer CJ. T-cellular immune reactions (in macrophage inhibition factor assay) against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1990; 31:529–535
    [Google Scholar]
  251. Bloom BR. Learning from leprosy: a perspective on immunology and the third world J Immunol 1986; 137:i
    [Google Scholar]
  252. Mehra VM, Mason LH, Fields JP, Bloom BR. Lepromin induced suppressor cells in patients with leprosy. J Immunol 1979; 123:1813
    [Google Scholar]
  253. Ebert EC, Bhatt BD, Liu S, Das KM. Induction of suppressor cells by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigen in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83:320–325
    [Google Scholar]
  254. Kusugami K, Matsuura T, West GA, Youngman KR, Rachmilewitz D, Fiocchi C. Loss of interleukin-2-producing intestinal CD4+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:1594–1605
    [Google Scholar]
  255. James SP. Remission of Crohn’s disease after human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology 1988; 95:1667–1669
    [Google Scholar]
  256. Victorino RMM, Hodgson HJF. Spontaneous suppressor cell function in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26:801–806
    [Google Scholar]
  257. Auer IO, Roder A, Frohlich J. Immune status in Crohn’s disease. VI. Immunoregulation evaluated by multiple, distinct T-suppressor cell assays of lymphocyte proliferation, and by enumeration of immunoregulatory T-lymphocyte subsets. Gastroenterology 1984; 86:1531–1543
    [Google Scholar]
  258. MacDermott RP, Franklin GO, Jenkins KM, Kodner IJ, Nash GS, Weinrieb IJ. Human intestinal mononuclear cells. I. Investigation of antibody-dependent, lectin-induced, and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxic capabilities. Gastroenterology 1980; 78:47–56
    [Google Scholar]
  259. MacDermott RP, Bragdon MJ, Kodner IJ, Bertovich MJ. Deficient cell-mediated cytotoxicity and hyporesponsiveness to interferon and mitogenic lectin activation by inflammatory bowel disease peripheral blood and intestinal mononuclear cells. Gastroenterology 1986; 90:611
    [Google Scholar]
  260. Pirzer U, Schonhaar A, Fleischer B, Hermann E, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K.H. Reactivity of infiltrating T lymphocytes with microbial antigens in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1991; 338:1238–1239
    [Google Scholar]
  261. Fiocchi C, Youngman KR, Farmer RG. Immunoregulatory function of human intestinal mucosa lymphoid cells: evidence for enhanced suppressor cell activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1983; 24:692–701
    [Google Scholar]
  262. Goodacre RL, Bienenstock J. Reduced suppressor cell activity in intestinal lymphocytes from patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1982; 82:653–658
    [Google Scholar]
  263. Ibbotson JP, Lowes JR, Chahal H. et al. Mucosal cell-mediated immunity to mycobacterial, enterobacterial and other microbial antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:224–230
    [Google Scholar]
  264. Bartnik W, Swarbrick ET, Williams C. A study of peripheral leucocyte migration in agarose medium in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1974; 15:294–300
    [Google Scholar]
  265. Roediger WE. A new hypothesis for the aetiology of Crohn’s disease—evidence from lipid metabolism and intestinal tuberculosis. Postgrad Med J 1991; 67:666–671
    [Google Scholar]
  266. Thyberg J, Graf W, Klingenstrom P. Intestinal fine structure in Crohn’s disease. Lysosomal inclusions in epithelial cells and macrophages. Virchows Arch [A] 1981; 391:141–152
    [Google Scholar]
  267. Zurbrick BG, Follett DM, Czuprynski CJ. Cytokine regulation of the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine monocytes. Infect Immun 1988; 57:1692–1697
    [Google Scholar]
  268. Van Kruiningen HJ, Ruiz B, Gumprecht L. Experimental disease in young chickens induced by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from a patient with Crohn’s disease. Can J Vet Res 1991; 55:199–202
    [Google Scholar]
  269. Barrera LF, Skamene E, Radziocj D. Assessment of mycobacterial infection and multiplication in macrophages by polymerase chain reaction. J Immunol Methods 1993; 157:91–99
    [Google Scholar]
  270. Shaffer JL, Hughes S, Linaker BD, Baker RD, Turnberg LA. Controlled trial of rifampicin and ethambutol in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1984; 25:203–205
    [Google Scholar]
  271. Elliot PR, Burnham WR, Berghouse LM, Lennard-Jones JE, Langman MJS. Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine therapy in Crohn’s disease. Digestion 1982; 23:132–134
    [Google Scholar]
  272. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G. et al. Rifabutin and ethambutol do not help recurrent Crohn’s disease in the neoterminal ileum. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 15:24–28
    [Google Scholar]
  273. Picciotto A, Gesu GP, Schito GC, Testa R, Varagona G, Celle G. Antimycobacterial chemotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed Pharmacother 1989; 43:141–143
    [Google Scholar]
  274. Parker MC, Hampson SJ, Saverymuttu SH. et al. Combination antimycobacterial chemotherapy with major clinical response in established Crohn’s disease. Gut 1987; 28:A1390
    [Google Scholar]
  275. Warren JB, Rees HC, Cox TM. Remission of Crohn’s disease with tuberculosis chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:182
    [Google Scholar]
  276. Prantera C, Argentieri R, Mangiarotti R, Levenstein S. Dapsone and remission of Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1988; 1:536
    [Google Scholar]
  277. Schultz MG, Rieder HL, Hersh T, Riepe S. Remission of Crohn’s disease with antimycobacterial chemotherapy. Lancet 1987; 2:1391–1392
    [Google Scholar]
  278. Hampson SJ, Parker MC, Saverymuttu SH, Joseph AE, McFadden JJ, Hermon-Taylor J. Quadruple antimycobacterial chemotherapy in Crohn’s disease: results at 9 months of a pilot study in 20 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1989; 3:343–352
    [Google Scholar]
  279. Goodman LS, Gilman A. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics Oxford: Macmillan; 19801299
    [Google Scholar]
  280. Prantera C, Bothamley G, Levenstein S, Mangiarotti R, Argentieri R. Crohn’s disease and mycobacteria: two cases of Crohn’s disease with high anti-mycobacterial antibody levels cured by dapsone therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 1989; 43:295–299
    [Google Scholar]
  281. Greenstein AJ, Lachman P, Sachar DB. et al. Perforating and non-perforating indications for repeated operations in Crohn’s disease: evidence for two clinical forms. Gut 1988; 29:588–592
    [Google Scholar]
  282. Alford RH. Antimycobacterial agents. Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE. (eds) Principles and practice of infectious disease New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1990352
    [Google Scholar]
  283. Yamori S, Ichiyama S, Shimokata K, Tsukamura M. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of antituberculosis drugs against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare, complex and Mycobacterium kansasii in different growth phases. Microbiol Immunol 1992; 36:361–368
    [Google Scholar]
  284. Gangadharam PRJ, Candler ER. Activity of some antileprosy compounds against Mycobacterium intracellulare in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115:705–708
    [Google Scholar]
  285. Van Caekenberghe D. Crohn’s disease, sulfasalazine, and mycobacteria. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 114:63–65
    [Google Scholar]
  286. Crawford JT, Bates JH. Isolation of plasmids from mycobacteria. Infect Immun 1979; 24:979–981
    [Google Scholar]
  287. Watt J, Marcus SN, Marcus AJ. The comparative effects of sulphasalazine, prednisolone and azathioprine in experimental colonic ulceration. J Pharm Pharmacol 1980; 32:873–874
    [Google Scholar]
  288. Emerit J, Pelletier S, Tosoni-Verlingue D, Mollet M, Thuillier A. Essai de la superoxyde dismutase (Cu Zn SOD) dans le traitement de la maladie de Crohn. Chirurgie 1988; 114:157–162
    [Google Scholar]
  289. Mulder TPJ, Verspaget HW, Janssens AR, de Bruin PAF, Pena AS, Lamers CBHW. Decrease in two intestinal copper/zinc containing proteins with antioxidant function in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1991; 32:1146–1150
    [Google Scholar]
  290. Lauritsen K. Drug treatment and formation of eicosanoids in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Dan Med Bull 1989; 36:378–393
    [Google Scholar]
  291. Echevarria S, Cajigas J, Rodriguez de Lope C, Lozano JL, Romero FP. Role of prostaglandins on lymphocyte transformation in Crohn’s disease. Allergol Immunopathol 1989; 17:317–321
    [Google Scholar]
  292. Hawkey CJ, Karmeli F, Rachmilewitz D. Imbalance of prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1983; 24:881–885
    [Google Scholar]
  293. Rampton DS, Hawkey CJ. Prostaglandins and ulcerative colitis. Gut 1984; 25:1399–1413
    [Google Scholar]
  294. Peskar BM, Dreyling KW, May B, Schaarschmidt K, Goebell H. Possible mode of action of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32:51S–56S
    [Google Scholar]
  295. Nielson OH, Ahnfelt-Ronne I, Elmgreen J. Abnormal metabolism of arachidonic acid in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: enhanced release of leucotreine B4 from activated neutrophils. Gut 1987; 28:181–185
    [Google Scholar]
  296. Lobos EA, Sharon P, Stenson WF. Chemotactic activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Role of leukotriene B4. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 32:1380–1388
    [Google Scholar]
  297. Emerit I, Emerit J, Levy A, Keck M. Chromosomal breakage in Crohn’s disease: anticlastogenic effect of D-penicillamine and L-cysteine. Hum Genet 1979; 50:51–57
    [Google Scholar]
  298. Mitchell DN, Rees RJ, Goswami KK. Transmissible agents from human sarcoid and Crohn’s disease tissues. Lancet 1976; 2:761–765
    [Google Scholar]
  299. Gill BS, Devriese LA, Portaels F, van den Breen L, Coussement W. Branched Mycobacterium-like organisms from swine lymph nodes. Vet Microbiol 1982; 7:157–164
    [Google Scholar]
  300. Van Kruiningen HJ, Chiodini RJ, Thayer WR, Coutu JA, Merkal RS, Runnels PL. Experimental disease in infant goats induced by a mycobacterium isolated from a patient with Crohn’s disease. A preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:1351–1360
    [Google Scholar]
  301. Mutwiri GK, Butler DG, Rosendal S, Yager J. Experimental infection of severe combined immunodeficient beige mice with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis of bovine origin. Infect Immun 1992; 60:4074–4079
    [Google Scholar]
  302. Mokresh AH, Czuprynski CJ, Butler DG. A rabbit model for study of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 1989; 57:3798–3807
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-41-2-74
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error