- Volume 64, Issue 12, 1983
Volume 64, Issue 12, 1983
- Animal
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A Temperature-sensitive Mutant of Newcastle Disease Virus which is Affected in Both haemagglutinin—neuraminidase and Matrix Proteins
More LessSUMMARYVirions prepared from a non-revertible temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant (ts53) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) grown in ovo at the permissive temperature (34 °C) possessed thermolabile haemagglutination and neuraminidase activities compared with parental (ts +) virions. Purified haemagglutinin—neuraminidase (HN) protein from ts53 virions was also more thermolabile than ts + HN protein. SDS-PAGE analysis of [3H]leucine pulse- and pulse/chase-labelled NDV proteins synthesized in chick embryo fibroblasts following infection with ts + and ts53 virus revealed that ts53 matrix (M) protein was unstable and disappeared during chase incubations only at the non-permissive temperature (42 °C). The non-revertibility of the ts53 mutant may indicate that it is a double mutant affected in both HN and M genes; alternatively this mutant may only be affected in the HN gene, the close physical association of the thermolabile HN with the M protein during virus maturation resulting in the lack of protection of the M protein from the action of cellular proteases at the non-permissive temperature.
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Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Marek′s Disease Virus DNA and Homology between Strains
More LessSUMMARYThe restriction endonuclease patterns of viral DNA obtained from serotypes 1 and 2 strains of Marek′s disease virus have been compared and homology between the strains examined by hybridization. The results have shown that HPRS 16 (serotype 1) DNA has a structure similar to its attenuated variant HPRS 16/att except for a few fragments that are present only in the virulent strain. Evidence was obtained which suggested that these restriction fragments contained repeat sequences and that insertion of heterogeneous DNA occurred at these sites during attenuation of HPRS 16. The restriction enzyme patterns of HPRS 24 (serotype 2) differed substantially from those of HPRS 16 and HPRS 16/att and reassociation experiments showed that HPRS 24 shares less than 10% homology with either HPRS 16 or herpesvirus of turkeys (serotype 3).
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Bovine Lymphosarcoma: Processing of Bovine Leukaemia Virus-coded Proteins
More LessSUMMARYThis report describes pulse-chase experiments performed with cells infected with tumour-derived bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and using purified γ-globulins directed against BLV structural proteins, namely gp51, p24, p15 and p12. A gpr72 was found to be the precursor of the gp51 with a gpr70 intermediate. The p12 was shown to be derived from a pr40 with numerous intermediates (pr35, pr22, pr16 and pr14). The p24 and p15 originate from a pr42. Both the pr42 and pr40 are derived from a common pr70. A P45, a P52 and a P27 were also detected. Because these three proteins were found to accumulate progressively in cells and because they were not observed to be processed, they might play a physiological role in infected cells.
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Prostaglandin A Inhibits the Replication of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Effect on Virus Glycoprotein
More LessSUMMARYProstaglandins of the A series were found to strongly suppress the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in mouse L fibroblasts. The highest non-toxic dose of PGA1, 4 µg/ml, decreased VSV production by 93.6%. At this dose, PGA1 did not alter DNA, RNA or protein synthesis in uninfected L cells for periods up to 24 h, whereas it further suppressed protein synthesis and slightly increased RNA synthesis in VSV-infected cells. The presence of PGA1 during virus adsorption, with no treatment after infection, reduced VSV yields by 63.6%. However, the presence of PGA1 during an early step of VSV replication was not essential for the antiviral action to occur (PGA1 treatment could be started 1 to 2 h post-infection). Apart from a slight overall inhibition of virus protein synthesis, PGA1 strongly suppressed the synthesis of the VSV glycoprotein G; moreover, it produced an alteration in the mobility of this protein in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. We propose that this slight decrease in molecular weight (about 4000) of the G protein in the presence of PGA1 could be due to an alteration in the glycosylation process.
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Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with Different Sites of N and H Antigenic Particles of Poliovirus
More LessSUMMARYWe established three hybridomas (designated 2A12, 4C4 and 6H8) secreting monoclonal antibodies which react with N and H(heated) antigenic particles of poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney strain). One of these monoclonal antibodies, 4C4, had virus-neutralizing activity, while the other two were non-neutralizing. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay and a neutralization test indicated that the specificity of the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 4C4 was the same as that of the monospecific antibody HN31, previously prepared by us by absorbing poliovirus antiserum with an equine serum inhibitor-resistant mutant (M-HN31) of poliovirus. Furthermore, by means of immune electron microscopy, it was revealed that the combining site of the 4C4 neutralizing monoclonal antibody is on or around vertices of the N and H antigenic particles, while the other two monoclonal antibodies are directed to the entire surface of the antigens.
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Evidence for Several Unrelated Neutralization Epitopes of Poliovirus, Type 1, Strain Mahoney, Provided by Neutralization Tests and Quantitative Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
More LessSUMMARYWith the aid of 11 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies which were investigated in four different neutralization tests, evidence was provided that several unrelated epitopes for neutralizing antibodies exist on the surface of poliovirus type 1. All monoclonal antibodies were able to neutralize poliovirus infectivity prior to and after virus adsorption to host cells. The quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is introduced as a second independent system for the determination of antibody specificity. Antibodies could be divided into four groups according to their reaction patterns.
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- Plant
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Infection of Protoplasts from Several Brassica Species with Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Following Inoculation Using Polyethylene Glycol
More LessSUMMARYUsing a polyethylene glycol-mediated uptake procedure, protoplasts from a range of Cruciferous species were infected with cauliflower mosaic virus; they include Moricandia arvensis, a plant not known to be susceptible. With this technique >90% of turnip protoplasts were infected, each producing an average of 104 to 105 viral genome equivalents. Filter hybridization and fluorescent antibody staining showed that virus synthesis in turnip protoplasts reaches a maximum 65 to 96 h post-inoculation. In protoplasts from some other species the time course was different; viral DNA synthesis in rape reached a maximum 24 to 48 h post-inoculation, approximately 48 h before the maximum accumulation of viral antigen.
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Replication of Turnip Rosette Virus RNA in Inoculated Turnip Protoplasts
More LessSUMMARYSynthesis of turnip rosette virus (TRosV)-induced RNA was examined in turnip protoplasts inoculated in vitro. TRosV RNA (mol. wt. 1.4 × 106; approx. 4.3 kb) was first detected 10 to 20 h post-inoculation by 32P labelling. When actinomycin D was added to protoplast cultures 6 h or less post-inoculation, labelling of virus RNA was less than in untreated cultures. Synthesis of TRosV RNA in infected protoplasts appeared to involve a double-stranded (ds)RNA; a replicative form (RF) of the virus RNA was isolated and characterized. The RF, mol. wt. 2.8 × 106 (approx. 4.3 kbp), was not degraded by treatment with RNase or DNase, contained 50% sequences complementary to TRosV RNA (as determined by hybridization) and was denatured to singlestranded (ss)RNAs of mol. wt. (× 10−6) of 1.4, 0.7, 0.3 and 0.09 (4.3, 2.1, 0.9 and 0.27 kb respectively). Virus infection apparently induced the synthesis of a ssRNA of mol. wt. 0.3 × 106 which could be resolved from other RNA species in nucleic acid extracts from infected protoplasts. A minor dsRNA of 1.4 × 106 mol. wt. (2.1 kbp) was also apparently induced by virus infection. These virus-induced small RNA species may represent subgenomic messengers or their RF.
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Localization by Immunogold Cytochemistry of Viral Antigen in Sections of Plant Cells Infected with Red Clover Mottle Virus
More LessSUMMARYRed clover mottle virus (RCMV) was detected by light and electron microscopy in sections of systemically infected pea leaf cells at successive stages of early infection using the combination of a sensitive immunocytochemical method with colloidal gold as a marker of antigen and a low temperature embedding procedure. Gold label was present in the cytoplasm at approximately the same time as the virus-induced membranous inclusions were established in the infected cells as judged by conventional electron microscopy of adjacent tissue. Labelling occurred simultaneously in the cytoplasm and among the membranes of the inclusion but not over the vesicles contained inside the inclusion. Viral antigen was localized by light microscopy with colloidal gold, nominally 8 nm, coupled to protein A and by electron microscopy with colloidal gold, nominally 5 nm, coupled to swine anti-rabbit immunoglobulins. Background staining was low and healthy tissue exposed to specific RCMV antibodies also had a very low level of gold particles.
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