- Volume 45, Issue 1, 1979
Volume 45, Issue 1, 1979
- Articles
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Pilus-specific, Lipid-containing Bacteriophages PR4 and PR772: Comparison of Physical Characteristics of Genomes
More LessSUMMARYThe genomes of pilus-specific, lipid-containing phages PR4 and PR772 were studied electron microscopically. An identical mol. wt. of 10.9 × 106 was obtained. The genomes are unique (non-permuted) and have cohesive ends. From the similarities in size and denaturation maps of the genomes and failure to demonstrate non-homology in heteroduplexes, reported morphological ambiguities were clarified. The known serological difference between the phages could not be related to non-homology of their genomes. It is concluded that phages PR4 and PR772 are the same phage.
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Establishment of Persistent Infection in BHK-21 Cells by Temperature-sensitive Mutants of Sindbis Virus
More LessSUMMARYTwelve temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis were examined for their ability to establish persistent infection in BHK-21 cells at 39 °C. Five of these mutants were able to initiate colony formation in infected cultures, which followed an extensive c.p.e. Two of the mutants were able to establish persistent infections which survived beyond the fifth cell passage p.i. The ability to initiate colony formation was correlated with low reversion of the ts mutation, or with ability to interfere with the multiplication of the wild-type virus. Virus released from persistently infected cultures was not temperature-sensitive. The restriction of virus multiplication in persistently infected cells operated prior to virus-specified RNA synthesis. It is concluded that in this system establishment of persistent infection depends on an inhibition of virus multiplication early in infection and occurs in only a small proportion of infected cells.
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Adenovirus-associated Virus Structural Protein Sequence Homology
More LessSUMMARYAdenovirus-associated virus (AAV) structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) have been examined to determine if areas of sequence homology exist between these three virion proteins. Tryptic and chymotryptic maps have been produced which demonstrate extensive areas of sequence homology common to all three proteins. The amino acid compositions of the proteins were also determined and were found to be very similar. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that all three virion proteins arise either from a common precursor or similar transcripts.
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Studies on Antibodies Against Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) in Cat Sera and Rabbit Anti-FeLV Sera: Cross Reaction and Differences
More LessSUMMARYThe indirect immunoferritin technique (IFT) that enables us to distinguish clearly whether an antibody reacts with a virus particle or only with the cell membrane, was used to study 25 cat sera and one rabbit anti-feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) serum using FL-74 cells as target. (1) All sera contained antibodies against FeLV even though 11 of the cats were viraemic at the same time; (2) from the effect of glutaraldehyde fixation of the FL-74 cells on the reaction with cat sera and the results of blocking experiments, it could be concluded that cat sera and rabbit anti-FeLV sera react partly with different antigenic specificities of FeLV, partly with the same antigens; and (3) the indirect membrane immunofluorescence test using FL-74 cells as target is not a good test to detect the presence of antibodies against feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) because FL-74 cells produce a large quantity of FeLV and the fluorescence measured could be from antibodies against FeLV.
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Similarities in the Structural Organization of the Genomes of Stumptailed Macaque Virus (Strain HD) and Simian Virus 40
More LessSUMMARYMembers of the SV40-polyoma subgroup of papovaviruses share homologous sequences which have been conserved during evolution. The genome of HD virus displays homologies both to the origin of SV40 DNA replication and to the region coding for the VP1 capsid protein. As in the case of SV40, both regions are discontinuously arranged in the HD genome.
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Anticellular Effects of 9-(2-Hydroxyethoxymethyl) Guanine Against Herpes Simplex Virus-transformed Cells
More LessSUMMARYThe guanine derivative 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine (acycloguanosine), a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV) multiplication, was found to have marked anticellular activity against HSV-transformed thymidine kinase-positive cells. HSV type 1-transformed cells were more sensitive to the drug than HSV type 2-transformed cells.
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Inactivation of Human Cytomegalovirus by the Chemical Carcinogen 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide
More LessSUMMARYThe infectivity of cytomegalovirus (CMV), strain Davis, was inactivated by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO). A series of survival curves indicates that the rate of inactivation was directly dependent on the concentration of NQO over a range of 5 to 200 µg/ml. At concentrations of 1 µg/ml or less, inactivation of virus stock was not observed and at concentrations in excess of 200 µg/ml, the cellular toxicity of residual NQO prevented quantification of the relatively low surviving infectivity. At a concentration of 200 µg/ml NQO or less, the loss of virus infectivity could be clearly shown to result from the interaction of NQO with virus and not with cells, since the addition of similar doses of NQO to assay cells simultaneously with virus did not adversely affect the sensitivity of the assay cells to measure virus infectivity. Similarly, the dimethylsulphoxide carrier at concentrations of 5% or less was shown to have a negligible effect on both virus infectivity and on the sensitivity of human skin muscle cells to assay virus infectivity. NQO inactivation of virus infectivity appeared to depend very little on white light, since the kinetics of inactivation in the presence and in the absence of white light were similar.
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Absence of Significant Antiviral Effects of β-γ-Methylene GTP on Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection of L cells and Mice
More LessSUMMARYThe protein synthesis inhibitor β-γ-methylene guanosine triphosphate (Gpp-CH2p) is shown here to be ineffective as a ‘leaky membrane’ antiviral agent against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of L cells and mice. Studies with GppCH2p in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected L cells indicate that the cells only become permeable to the inhibitor late in infection because the compound significantly inhibits protein synthesis only when added at 4 h p.i. At this time 50 to 70% of the new infectious virus particles have already been synthesized, and this is reflected in maximum inhibition of virus yields of only about 40%. Moreover, comparison of inhibition of protein synthesis by GppCH2p in vitro and in cell cultures indicates that the intracellular concentration attained is only 0.25% of that in the medium. The lack of antiviral activity of GppCH2p in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected mice is probably due to leakiness of infected cells occurring too late for sufficient inhibition of virus synthesis to be obtained.
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Protease Activity on the Surface of HSV-infected Cells
More LessSUMMARYMonolayers of primary rabbit kidney cells infected with HSV type 1 bound lymphoblastoid (Raji) cells, to which the third component (C3) of the complement system had been attached (Raji-C3). This induction of cell contact did not occur on non-infected monolayers and was dependent on C3. The interaction could be suppressed by the presence of protease inhibitors (1 mm-TLCK or-PMSF). The results are interpreted as indicating de novo expression of protease activity on the surface of HSV-infected cells. This protease is characterized by its potential to activate C3 and its inhibition by TLCK.
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Differentiation of the Haemagglutinin Genes of Variant Influenza Viruses by RNA-RNA Hybridization
More LessSUMMARYThe genetic compositions of four antigenic variants of A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) influenza virus, which were selected by growth in the presence of monoclonal antibodies against the haemagglutinin, were compared. The results indicate that the mutant haemagglutinin genes can be differentiated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the double stranded RNA hybrids formed between virion RNA and transcripts isolated from infected cells.
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Studies on Antiviral Glycosides. 4. Inhibition of the Multiplication of Paramyxoviruses by Phenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside
More LessSUMMARYThe antiviral activity of phenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (PCG) was studied. PCG specifically inhibited the growth of paramyxoviruses including Sendai, measles and Newcastle disease viruses in LLCMK2 cells at a concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, but did not restrict the multiplication of other RNA viruses (influenza, vesicular stomatitis and polio viruses) at these concentrations.
PCG might act in the late stage during virus replication of Sendai virus as it did not inhibit virus RNA and protein synthesis in the infected cells. Comparative studies on the biological properties of virus particles grown in the presence and absence of PCG demonstrated that treatment with it caused the formation of non-haemagglutinating particles.
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Volume 1 (1967)