1887

Abstract

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a disease of ruminant livestock that occurs almost worldwide between latitudes 3 ° S and 5 ° N. There are 24 serotypes of BTV (currently identified by serum neutralization assays). Since 1998, eight strains of six BTV serotypes (1, 2, 4, 8, 9 and 16) have invaded Europe. The most variable BTV protein is major outer-capsid component VP2, encoded by segment 2 (Seg-2) of the double-stranded RNA virus genome. VP2 represents the major target for neutralizing (and protective) antibodies that are generated in response to BTV infection, and is therefore the primary determinant of virus serotype. RT-PCR primers and assays targeting Seg-2 have been developed for rapid identification (within 24 h) of the six European BTV types. These assays are sensitive, specific and show perfect agreement with the results of conventional virus-neutralization methods. Previous studies have identified sequence variations in individual BTV genome segments that allow different isolates to be grouped on the basis of their geographical origins (topotypes). The assays described in this paper can detect any of the BTV isolates of the homologous serotype that were tested from different geographical origins (different Seg-2 topotypes). Primers were also identified that could be used to distinguish members of these different Seg-2 topotypes, as well as field and vaccine strains of most of the European BTV serotypes. The serotype-specific assays (and primers) showed no cross-amplification when they were evaluated with multiple isolates of the most closely related BTV types or with reference strains of the remaining 24 serotypes. Primers developed in this study will be updated periodically to maintain their relevance to current BTV distribution and epidemiology (http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/dsRNA_virus_proteins/ReoID/rt-pcr-primers.htm).

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.83023-0
2007-10-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/88/10/2811.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.83023-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Afshar A. 1994; Bluetongue: laboratory diagnosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 17:221–242 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anthony S., Jones H., Darpel K. E., Elliott H., Maan S., Samuel A., Mellor P. S., Mertens P. P. C. 2007; A duplex RT-PCR assay for detection of genome segment 7 (VP7 gene) from 24 BTV serotypes. J Virol Methods 141:188–197 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Attoui H., Billoir F., Cantaloube J. F., Biagini P., de Micco P., de Lamballerie X. 2000; Strategies for the sequence determination of viral dsRNA genomes. J Virol Methods 89:147–158 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Billinis C., Koumbati M., Spyrou V., Nomikou K., Mangana O., Panagiotidis C. A., Papadopoulos O. 2001; Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-PCR: a comparison with conventional methods. J Virol Methods 98:77–89 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Blacksell S. D., Lunt R. A. 1996; A simplified fluorescence inhibition test for the serotype determination of Australian bluetongue viruses. Aust Vet J 73:33–34 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bonneau K. R., Zhang N., Zhu J., Zhang F., Li Z., Zhang K., Xiao L., Xiang W., MacLachlan N. J. 1999; Sequence comparison of the L2 and S10 genes of bluetongue viruses from the United States and the People's Republic of China. Virus Res 61:153–160 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bonneau K. R., Zhang N. Z., Wilson W. C., Zhu J. B., Zhang F. Q., Li Z. H., Zhang K. L., Xiao L., Xiang W. B., MacLachlan N. J. 2000; Phylogenetic analysis of the S7 gene does not segregate Chinese strains of bluetongue virus into a single topotype. Arch Virol 145:1163–1171 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bonneau K. R., DeMaula C. D., Mullens B. A., MacLachlan N. J. 2002; Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep. Vet Microbiol 88:115–125 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Breard E., Sailleau C., Coupier H., Ravaud K. M., Hammoumi S., Gicquel B., Hamblin C., Dubourget P., Zientara S. 2003; Comparison of genome segments 2, 7 and 10 of bluetongue viruses serotype 2 for differentiation between field isolates and the vaccine strain. Vet Res 34:777–789 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Davies F. G., Blackburn N. K. 1971; The typing of bluetongue virus. Res Vet Sci 12:181–183
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Davies F. G., Mungai J. N., Pini A. 1992; A new bluetongue virus serotype isolated in Kenya. Vet Microbiol 31:25–32 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. DeMaula C. D., Bonneau K. R., MacLachlan N. J. 2000; Changes in the outer capsid proteins of bluetongue virus serotype ten that abrogate neutralization by monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res 67:59–66 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dubay S. A., Rosenstock S. S., Stallknecht D. E., deVos J. C., Jr. 2006; Determining prevalence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in mule deer in Arizona (USA) using whole blood dried on paper strips compared to serum analyses. J Wildl Dis 42:159–163 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Erasmus B. J. 1990; Bluetongue virus. In Virus Infections of Ruminants vol 3 pp 227–237 Edited by Dinter Z., Morein B. New York: Elsevier;
    [Google Scholar]
  15. European Commission 2006; Bluetongue–Netherlands. Urgent fax 001 (17/08/2006 19 54), D1 BVG (06 D Brussels 17 August 2006) http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/monitoring/pdf/bt-nlsheep180806.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ferrari G., De Liberato C., Scavia G., Lorenzetti R., Zini M., Farina F., Magliano A., Cardeti G., Scholl F. other authors 2005; Active circulation of bluetongue vaccine virus serotype-2 among unvaccinated cattle in central Italy. Prev Vet Med 68:103–113 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gould A. R., Eaton B. T. 1990; The amino acid sequence of the outer coat protein VP2 of neutralizing monoclonal antibody-resistant, virulent and attenuated bluetongue viruses. Virus Res 17:161–172 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Gould A. R., Pritchard L. I. 1990; Relationships amongst bluetongue viruses revealed by comparisons of capsid and outer coat protein nucleotide sequences. Virus Res 17:31–52 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Gumm I. D., Newman J. F. 1982; The preparation of purified bluetongue virus group antigen for use as a diagnostic reagent. Arch Virol 72:83–93 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Howell P. G. 1960; A preliminary antigenic classification of strains of bluetongue virus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 28:357–363
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Howell P. G., Verwoerd D. W. 1971; Bluetongue virus. Virol Monogr 9:35–74
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Howell P. G., Kumm N. A., Botha M. J. 1970; The application of improved techniques to the identification of strains of bluetongue virus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 37:59–66
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Huismans H., Erasmus B. J. 1981; Identification of the serotype-specific and group specific antigens of bluetongue virus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 48:51–58
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Huismans H., van der Walt N. T., Cloete M., Erasmus B. J. 1983; The biochemical and immunological characterization of bluetongue virus outer capsid polypeptides. In Double-Stranded RNA Viruses pp 165–172 Edited by Compans R. W., Bishop D. H. L. New York: Elsevier;
    [Google Scholar]
  25. IAH 2006; Isolates of bluetongue virus type 8 (BTV-8) in the dsRNA virus collection at IAH Pirbright . Pirbright, UK: Institute for Animal Health; Accessed 29 August 2006 http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/dsRNA_virus_proteins/ReoID/btv-8.htm
  26. Jeggo M. H., Gumm I. D., Taylor W. P. 1983; Clinical and serological response of sheep to serial challenge with different bluetongue virus types. Res Vet Sci 34:205–211
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Jeggo M. H., Wardley R. C., Brownlie J., Corteyn A. H. 1986; Serial inoculation of sheep with two bluetongue virus types. Res Vet Sci 40:386–392
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Johnson D. J., Wilson W. C., Paul P. S. 2000; Validation of a reverse transcriptase multiplex PCR test for the serotype determination of US isolates of bluetongue virus. Vet Microbiol 76:105–115 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Johnson D. J., Ostlund E. N., Stallknecht D. E., Goekjian V. H., Jenkins-Moore M., Harris S. C. 2006; First report of bluetongue virus serotype 1 isolated from a white-tailed deer in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:398–401 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Maan S. 2004; Complete nucleotide sequence analyses of genome segment 2 from the twenty-four serotypes of bluetongue virus: development of nucleic acid based typing methods and molecular epidemiology . PhD thesis University of London;
  31. Maan S., Samuel A. R., Maan N., Attoui H., Rao S., Mertens P. P. C. 2004; Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue viruses from disease outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin. Vet Ital 40:489–496
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Maan S., Maan N. S., Samuel A. R., Rao S., Attoui H., Mertens P. P. C. 2007; Analysis and phylogenetic comparisons of full-length VP2 genes of the twenty-four bluetongue virus serotypes. J Gen Virol 88:621–630 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. McColl K. A., Gould A. R. 1991; Detection and characterisation of bluetongue virus using the polymerase chain reaction. Virus Res 21:19–34 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mellor P. S., Boorman J. 1995; The transmission and geographical spread of African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89:1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Mellor P. S., Wittmann E. J. 2002; Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998–2001. Vet J 164:20–37 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Mellor P. S., Boorman J., Baylis M. 2000; Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors. Annu Rev Entomol 45:307–340 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Mertens P. P. C. 1999; Orbiviruses and coltiviruses – general features. In Encyclopaedia of Virology , 2nd edn. pp 1043–1061 Edited by Webster R. G., Granoff A. London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Mertens P. P. C., Mellor P. S. 2003; Bluetongue. State Vet J 13:18–25
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mertens P. P. C., Brown F., Sangar D. V. 1984; Assignment of the genome segments of bluetongue virus type 1 to the proteins which they encode. Virology 135:207–217 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Mertens P. P. C., Burroughs J. N., Anderson J. 1987a; Purification and properties of virus particles, infectious subviral particles, and cores of bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4. Virology 157:375–386 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Mertens P. P. C., Pedley S., Cowley J., Burroughs J. N. 1987b; A comparison of six different bluetongue virus isolates by cross-hybridization of the dsRNA genome segments. Virology 161:438–447 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Mertens P. P. C., Pedley S., Cowley J., Burroughs J. N., Corteyn A. H., Jeggo M. H., Jennings D. M., Gorman B. M. 1989; Analysis of the roles of bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 in determination of virus serotype. Virology 170:561–565 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Mertens P. P. C., Maan S., Samuel A., Attoui H. 2005; Genus Orbivirus . In Virus Taxonomy: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . pp 466–483 Edited by Fauquet C. M., Mayo M. A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U., Ball L. A. London: Elsevier/Academic Press;
  44. Monaco F., Camma C., Serini S., Savini G. 2006; Differentiation between field and vaccine strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16. Vet Microbiol 116:45–52 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  45. O'Hara R. S., Meyer A. J., Burroughs J. N., Pullen L., Martin L. A., Mertens P. P. C. 1998; Development of a mouse model system, coding assignments and identification of the genome segments controlling virulence of African horsesickness virus serotypes 3 and 8. Arch Virol Suppl 14:259–279
    [Google Scholar]
  46. OIE 2000 Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines: List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees , 4th edn. Paris: Office International des Epizooties;
    [Google Scholar]
  47. OIE 2006a Bluetongue in Morocco . Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Disease Information 2 November 2006; vol. 19, no. 44 http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_72.HTM#Sec7
    [Google Scholar]
  48. OIE 2006b Bluetongue in Bulgaria . Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Disease Information 19 October 2006; vol. 19, no. 42 http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_74.HTM#Sec8
    [Google Scholar]
  49. OIE 2006c Bluetongue in the Netherlands . Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Disease Information 24 August 2006; vol. 19, no. 34 http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_04.HTM#Sec3
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Orrù G., Santis P. D., Solinas F., Savini G., Piras V., Caporale V. 2004; Differentiation of Italian field and South African vaccine strains of bluetongue virus serotype 2 using real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 122:37–43 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Osburn B. I. 2000; Bluetongue. In Diseases of Sheep . , 3rd edn. pp 393–397 Edited by Martin B., Aitken I. D. Oxford: Blackwell Science;
  52. Pearson J. E., Gustafson G. A., Shafer A. L., Alstad A. D. 1992; Diagnosis of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses pp 533–546 Edited by Walton T. E., Osburn B. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Potgieter A. C., Monaco F., Mangana O., Nomikou K., Yadin H., Savini G. 2005; VP2-segment sequence analysis of some isolates of bluetongue virus recovered in the Mediterranean Basin during the 1998–2003 outbreak. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 52:372–379 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Pritchard L. I., Gould A. R. 1995; Phylogenetic comparison of the serotype-specific VP2 protein of bluetongue and related orbiviruses. Virus Res 39:207–220 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Purse B. V., Mellor P. S., Rogers D. J., Samuel A. R., Mertens P. P., Baylis M. 2005; Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:171–181 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Roy P., Bishop D. H., LeBlois H., Erasmus B. J. 1994; Long-lasting protection of sheep against bluetongue challenge after vaccination with virus-like particles: evidence for homologous and partial heterologous protection. Vaccine 12:805–811 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Shaw A. E., Monaghan P., Alpar H. O., Anthony S., Darpel K. E., Batten C. A., Guercio A., Alimena G., Vitale M. other authors 2007; Development and initial evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay to detect bluetongue virus genome segment 1. J Virol Methods in press
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Singer R. S., MacLachlan N. J., Carpenter T. E. 2001; Maximal predicted duration of viremia in bluetongue virus-infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 13:43–49 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Tabachnick W. J. 1996; Culicoides variipennis and bluetongue-virus epidemiology in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol 41:23–43 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Tabachnick W. J., MacLachlan N. J., Thompson L. E., Hunt G. J., Patton J. F. 1996; Susceptibility of Culicoides variipennis sonorensis to infection by polyermase chain reaction-detectable bluetongue virus in cattle blood. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54:481–485
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Tlotleng K. R. 2004; Partial sequencing of live attenuated polyvalent bluetongue viral vaccine from South Africa . MSc thesis London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine;
  62. Veronesi E., Hamblin C., Mellor P. S. 2005; Live attenuated bluetongue vaccine viruses in Dorset Poll sheep, before and after passage in vector midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Vaccine 23:5509–5516 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Wade-Evans A. M., Mertens P. P. C., Bostock C. J. 1990; Development of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of bluetongue virus in tissue samples. J Virol Methods 30:15–24 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Wilson W. C., Chase C. C. 1993; Nested and multiplex polymerase chain reactions for the identification of bluetongue virus infection in the biting midge, Culicoides variipennis . J Virol Methods 45:39–47 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Yamaguchi S., Fukusho A., Roy P. 1988a; Complete sequence of VP2 gene of the bluetongue virus Australian serotype 1 (BTV-1). Nucleic Acids Res 16:2725 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Yamaguchi S., Fukusho A., Roy P. 1988b; Complete sequence of neutralization protein VP2 of the recent US isolate bluetongue virus serotype 2: its relationship with VP2 species of other US serotypes. Virus Res 11:49–58
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Zientara S., Breard E., Sailleau C. 2006; Bluetongue: characterization of virus types by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Dev Biol (Basel) 126:187–196
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.83023-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.83023-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material 1

PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error