2FNC1†Present address: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 0115, USA.
Conserved motifs of eukaryotic gene promoters, such as TATA box and CAAT box sequences, of E1A of human adenoviruses (e.g human adenovirus 5) lie between the left inverted terminal repeat (ITR) and the ATG of E1A. However, analysis of the left end of the bovine adenovirus 3 (BAdV-3) genome revealed that the conserved sequences of the E1A promoter are present only in the ITR. As such, the promoter activity of ITR was tested in the context of a BAdV-3 vector or a plasmid-based system. Different regions of the left end of the BAdV-3 genome initiated transcription of the red fluorescent protein gene in a plasmid-based system. Moreover, BAdV-3 mutants in which the open reading frame of E1A was placed immediately downstream of the ITR produced E1A transcript and could be propagated in non-E1A-complementing Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. These results suggest that the left ITR contains the sole BAdV-3 E1A promoter.
BaxiM. K.,
BabiukL. A.,
MehtaliM.,
TikooS. K.1999; Transcription map and expression of bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D in early region 4 of bovine adenovirus-3. Virology 261:143–152[CrossRef]
DánÁ.,
ÉlőP.,
HarrachB.,
ZádoriZ.,
BenkőB.2001; Four new inverted terminal repeat sequences from adenoviruses reveal striking differences in the length and content of the ITRs. Virus Genes 22:175–179[CrossRef]
GrahamF. L.,
SmileyJ.,
RussellW. C.,
NairnR.1977; Characteristics of a human cell line transformed by DNA from human adenovirus type 5. J Gen Virol 36:59–74[CrossRef]
HatfieldL.,
HearingP.1991; Redundant elements in the adenovirus type 5 inverted terminal repeat promote bidirectional transcription in vitro and are important for virus growth in vivo
. Virology 184:265–276[CrossRef]
HatfieldL.,
HearingP.1993; The NFIII/OCT-1 binding site stimulates adenovirus DNA replication in vivo and is functionally redundant with adjacent sequences. J Virol 67:3931–3939
HearingP.,
ShenkT.1986; The adenovirus type 5 E1A enhancer contains two functionally distinct domains: one is specific for E1A and the other modulates all early units in cis
. Cell 45:229–236[CrossRef]
IdamakantiN.,
ReddyP. S.,
BabiukL. A.,
TikooS. K.1999; Transcription mapping and characterization of 284R and 121R proteins produced from early region 3 of bovine adenovirus type 3. Virology 256:351–359[CrossRef]
KadonagaJ. T.,
CarnerK. R.,
MasiarzF. R.,
TjianR.1987; Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell 51:1079–1090[CrossRef]
MeissnerJ. D.,
HirschG. N.,
LaRueE. A.,
FulcherR. A.,
SpindlerK. R.1997; Completion of the DNA sequence of mouse adenovirus type 1: sequence of E2b, L1, and L2 (18–51 map units). Virus Res 51:53–64[CrossRef]
MilanesiL.,
RogozinI. B.1998; Prediction of human gene structure. In Guide to Human Genome Computing , 2nd edn. pp 215–259 Edited by
BishopM. J.
Cambridge: Academic Press;
MilanesiL.,
ArrigoP.,
MuselliM.1995; Recognition of poly-A signals with hamming clustering. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Bioinformatics, Supercomputing and Complex Genome Analysis pp 461–466 Edited by
LimH. A.,
FickettJ. W.,
CantorC. R.,
RobbinsR. J.
Singapore: World Scientific Publishing;
MilanesiL.,
MuselliM.,
ArrigoP.1996; Hamming-clustering method for signals prediction in 5′ and 3′ regions of eukaryotic genes. Comput Appl Biosci 12:399–404
RasmussenU. B.,
BenchaibiM.,
MeyerV.,
SchlesingerY.,
SchughartK.1999; Novel human gene transfer vectors: evaluation of wild-type and recombinant animal adenoviruses in human-derived cells. Hum Gene Ther 10:2587–2599[CrossRef]
ReddyP. S.,
IdamakantiN.,
SongJ.-Y.,
LeeJ.-B.,
HyunB.-H.,
ParkJ.-H.,
ChaS.-H.,
TikooS. K.,
BabiukL. A.1998a; Sequence and transcription map analysis of early region-1 of porcine adenovirus type-3. Virus Res 58:97–106[CrossRef]
ReddyP. S.,
ChenY.,
IdamakantiN.,
PyneC.,
BabiukL. A.,
TikooS. K.1999a; Characterization of early region 1 and pIX of bovine adenovirus-3. Virology 253:299–308[CrossRef]
ReddyP. S.,
IdamakantiN.,
BabiukL. A.,
MehtaliM.,
TikooS. K.1999b; Porcine adenovirus-3 as a helper-dependent expression vector. J Gen Virol 80:2909–2916
ReeseM. G.,
HarrisN. L.,
EeckmanF. H.1996; Large scale sequencing specific neural networks for promoter and splice site recognition biocomputing. In Biocomputing: Proceedings of the 1996 Pacific Symposium pp 737–738 Edited by
HunterL.,
KleinT. E.
Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co;
van OlphenA. L.,
MittalS. K.2002; A 72-bp internal deletion in the left inverted terminal repeat of the bovine adenovirus type 3 genome does not affect virus replication. Intervirology 45:188–192[CrossRef]
van OlphenA. L.,
TikooS. K.,
MittalS. K.2002; Characterization of bovine adenovirus type 3 E1 proteins and isolation of E1-expressing cell lines. Virology 295:108–118[CrossRef]
XingL.,
TikooS. K.2004; Porcine adenovirus type 3 E1 transcriptional control region contains a bifunctional regulatory element. Virology 318:37–44[CrossRef]
XingL.,
TikooS. K.2005; Promoter activity of left inverted terminal repeat and downstream sequences of porcine adenovirus type 3. Virus Res 109:51–58[CrossRef]
XingL.,
ZhangL. N.,
Van KesselJ.,
TikooS. K.2003; Identification of cis -acting sequences required for selective packaging of bovine adenovirus type 3 DNA. J Gen Virol 84:2947–2956[CrossRef]
ZakhartchoukA. N.,
ReddyP. S.,
BaxiM.,
Baca-EstradaM. E.,
MehtaliM.,
BabiukL. A.,
TikooS. K.1998; Construction and characterization of E3-deleted bovine adenovirus type 3 expressing full-length and truncated form of bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein gD. Virology 250:220–229[CrossRef]
ZakhartchoukA. N.,
PyneC.,
MutwiriG. K.,
PappZ.,
Baca-EstradaM. E.,
GriebelP.,
BabiukL. A.,
TikooS. K.1999; Mucosal immunization of calves with recombinant bovine adenovirus-3: induction of protective immunity to bovine herpesvirus-1. J Gen Virol 80:1263–1269
ZakhartchoukA.,
ConnorsW.,
van KesselA.,
TikooS. K.2004; Bovine adenovirus type 3 containing heterologous protein in the C-terminus of minor capsid protein pIX. Virology 320:291–300[CrossRef]