Several mouse central nervous system genes have been identified that are differentially regulated during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, including those which have not been reported to be induced by any other neurotropic virus. Interestingly, 80 % of JEV-inducible genes identified in this study are also induced by Sindbis virus, indicating activation of common host signalling pathways by these two viruses, despite their diverse life cycles. One of these, the glucocorticoid attenuated response gene 39 (GARG39, also known as IFIT2, ISG54 and MuP54) was characterized further. It was demonstrated that GARG39 protein interacts with microtubules in vitro, co-localizes with β-tubulin in vivo and is enriched in the mitotic spindle of non-neuronal cells undergoing mitosis. While GARG39 was known for a long time as an inflammation-inducible glucocorticoid attenuated protein, its identification as a microtubule-associated protein in this study suggests a possible role for this protein in cell proliferation, virion assembly/transport and microtubule dynamics.
AndoK.,
NaganoT.,
NakamuraA.,
KonnoD.,
YagiH.,
SatoM.2005; Expression and characterization of disulfide bond use of oligomerized A2-Pancortins: extracellular matrix constituents in the developing brain. Neuroscience 133:947–957[CrossRef]
ArmstrongR. A.,
KertyE.,
SkullerudK.,
CairnsN. J.2005; Neuropathological changes in ten cases of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID): a study using alpha-internexin immunohistochemistry and principal components analysis (PCA). J Neural Transm (in press). doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0387-0
BoothS.,
BowmanC.,
BaumgartnerR.,
SorensonG.,
RobertsonC.,
CoulthartM.,
PhillipsonC.,
SomorjaR.2004; Identification of central nervous system genes involved in the host response to the scrapie agent during preclinical and clinical infection. J Gen Virol 85:3459–3471[CrossRef]
BrownV.,
JinP.,
CemanS.9 other authors2001; Microarray identification of FMRP-associated brain mRNAs and altered mRNA translational profiles in fragile X syndrome. Cell 107:477–487[CrossRef]
ChiouC.-T.,
HuC.-A.,
ChenP.-H.,
LiaoC.-L.,
LinY.-L.,
WangJ.-J.2003; Association of Japanese encephalitis virus NS3 protein with microtubules and tumour susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) protein. J Gen Virol 84:2795–2805[CrossRef]
DanielsonP. E.,
Forss-PetterS.,
BattenbergE. L.,
deLeceaL.,
BloomF. E.,
SutcliffeJ. G.1994; Four structurally distinct neuron-specific olfactomedin-related glycoproteins produced by differential promoter utilization and alternative mRNA splicing from a single gene. J Neurosci Res 38:468–478[CrossRef]
DrysdaleB. E.,
HowardD. L.,
JohnsonR. J.1996; Identification of a lipopolysaccharide inducible transcription factor in murine macrophages. Mol Immunol 33:989–998[CrossRef]
GruslinE.,
MoisanS.,
St-PierreY.,
DesforgesM.,
TalbotP. J.2005; Transcriptome profile within the mouse central nervous system and activation of myelin-reactive T cells following murine coronavirus infection. J Neuroimmunol 162:60–70[CrossRef]
HoffnerG.,
KahlemP.,
DjianP.2002; Perinuclear localization of huntingtin as a consequence of its binding to microtubules through an interaction with β-tubulin: relevance to Huntington's disease. J Cell Sci 115:941–948
JohnstonC.,
JiangW.,
ChuT.,
LevineB.2001; Identification of genes involved in the host response to neurovirulent alphavirus infection. J Virol 75:10431–10445[CrossRef]
LabradaL.,
LiangX. H.,
ZhengW.,
JohnstonC.,
LevineB.2002; Age-dependent resistance to lethal alphavirus encephalitis in mice: analysis of gene expression in the central nervous system and identification of a novel interferon-inducible protective gene, mouse ISG12. J Virol 76:11688–11703[CrossRef]
LewisJ.,
McGowanE.,
RockwoodJ.15 other authors2000; Neurofibrillary tangles, amyotrophy and progressive motor disturbance in mice expressing mutant (P301L) tau protein. Nat Genet 25:402–405[CrossRef]
NguyenT.,
HuT.,
WidneyY.,
MarR. A.,
SmithJ. B.2002; Murine GBP-5, a new member of the murine guanylate-binding protein family, is coordinately regulated with other GBPs in vivo and in vitro
. J Interferon Cytokine Res 22:899–909[CrossRef]
ProsniakM.,
HooperD. C.,
DietzscholdB.,
KoprowskiH.2001; Effect of rabies virus infection on gene expression in mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:2758–2763[CrossRef]
ReddyT. R.,
LiX.,
JonesY.,
EllismanM. H.,
ChingG. Y.,
LiemR. K.,
Wong-StaalF.1998; Specific interaction of HTLV tax protein and a human type IV neuronal intermediate filament protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:702–707[CrossRef]
SahaS.,
RangarajanP. N.2003; Common host genes are activated in mouse brain by Japanese encephalitis and rabies viruses. J Gen Virol 84:1729–1735[CrossRef]
SahaS.,
MurthyS.,
RangarajanP. N.2006; Identification and characterization of a virus-inducible non-coding RNA in mouse brain. J Gen Virol 87:1991–1995[CrossRef]
SmithJ. B.,
HerschmanH. R.2004; Targeted identification of glucocorticoid-attenuated response genes: in vitro and in vivo models. Proc Am Thorac Soc 1:275–281[CrossRef]
VenterM.,
MyersT. G.,
WilsonM. A.,
KindtT. J.,
PaweskaJ. T.,
BurtF. J.,
LemanP. A.,
SwanepoelR.2005; Gene expression in mice infected with West Nile virus strains of different neurovirulence. Virology 342:119–140[CrossRef]
XuA.,
BellamyA. R.,
TaylorJ. A.1999; Expression of translationally controlled tumour protein is regulated by calcium at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Biochem J 342:683–689[CrossRef]
YoungK. G.,
PinheiroB.,
KotharyR.2006; A Bpag1 isoform involved in cytoskeletal organization surrounding the nucleus. Exp Cell Res 312:121–134[CrossRef]