Mutations in the palm region of a plus-strand RNA virus polymerase result in attenuated phenotype

References

1. Ago H., Adachi T., Yoshida A., Yamamoto M., Habuka N., Yatsunami K., Miyano M. 1999; Crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus. Structure 7:1417–1426 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Baroth M., Orlich M., Thiel H.-J., Becher P. 2000; Insertion of cellular NEDD8 coding sequences in a pestivirus. Virology 278:456–466 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Becher P., Orlich M., Thiel H.-J. 2000; Mutations in the 5′ nontranslated region of bovine viral diarrhea virus result in altered growth characteristics. J Virol 74:7884–7894 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Becher P., Orlich M., Thiel H.-J. 2001; RNA recombination between persisting pestivirus and a vaccine strain: generation of cytopathogenic virus and induction of lethal disease. J Virol 75:6256–6264 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bressanelli S., Tomei L., Roussel A., Incitti I., Vitale R. L., Mathieu M., De Francesco R., Rey F. A. 1999; Crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13034–13039 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Butcher S. J., Grimes J. M., Makeyev E. V., Bamford D. H., Stuart D. I. 2001; A mechanism for initiating RNA-dependent RNA polymerization. Nature 410:235–240 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Choi K. H., Groarke J. M., Young D. C., Kuhn R. J., Smith J. L., Pevear D. C., Rossmann M. G. 2004; The structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from bovine viral diarrhea virus establishes the role of GTP in de novo initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4425–4430 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Choi K. H., Gallei A., Becher P., Rossmann M. G. 2006; The structure of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and its amino-terminal domain. Structure 14:1107–1113 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Gallei A., Pankraz A., Thiel H.-J., Becher P. 2004; RNA recombination in the absence of viral replication. J Virol 78:6271–6281 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Gallei A., Orlich M., Thiel H.-J., Becher P. 2005a; Noncytopathogenic pestivirus strains generated by nonhomologous RNA recombination: alterations in the NS4A/NS4B coding region. J Virol 79:14261–14270 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Gallei A., Rümenapf T., Thiel H.-J., Becher P. 2005b; Characterization of helper virus-independent cytopathogenic classical swine fever virus generated by an in vivo RNA recombination system. J Virol 79:2440–2448 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Gallo R. C. 1971; Reverse transcriptase, the DNA polymerase of oncogenic RNA viruses. Nature 234:194–198 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Hansen J. L., Long A. M., Schultz S. C. 1997; Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of poliovirus. Structure 5:1109–1122 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Haruna I., Nozu K., Ohtaka Y., Spiegelman S. 1963; An RNA “replicase” induced by and selective for a viral RNA: isolation and properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 50:905–911 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Jaeger J., Restle T., Steitz T. A. 1998; The structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an RNA pseudoknot inhibitor. EMBO J 17:4535–4542 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Koonin E. V. 1991; The phylogeny of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of positive-strand RNA viruses. J Gen Virol 72:2197–2206 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Kuhn R. J., Griffin D. E., Zhang H., Niesters H. G. M., Strauss J. H. 1992; Attenuation of Sindbis virus neurovirulence by using defined mutations in nontranslated regions of the genome RNA. J Virol 66:7121–7127
    [Google Scholar]
18. Lackner T., Müller A., König M., Thiel H.-J., Tautz N. 2005; Persistence of bovine viral diarrhea virus is determined by a cellular cofactor of a viral autoprotease. J Virol 79:9746–9755 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Lesburg C. A., Cable M. B., Ferrari E., Hong Z., Mannarino A. F., Weber P. C. 1999; Crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from hepatitis C virus reveals a fully encircled active site. Nat Struct Biol 6:937–943 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Lindenbach B. D., Rice C. M. 2001; Flaviviridae : the viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology , 4th edn. pp  991–1041 Edited by Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
    [Google Scholar]
21. Makoschey B., Becher P., Janssen M. G. J., Orlich M., Thiel H.-J., Lütticken D. 2004; Bovine viral diarrhea virus with deletions in the 5′-nontranslated region: reduction of replication in calves and induction of protective immunity. Vaccine 22:3285–3294 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Mandl C. W., Holzmann H., Meixner T., Rauscher S., Stadler P. F., Allison S. L., Heinz F. X. 1998; Spontaneous and engineered deletions in the 3′ noncoding region of tick-borne encephalitis virus: construction of highly attenuated mutants of a flavivirus. J Virol 72:2132–2140
    [Google Scholar]
23. Men R., Bray M., Clark D., Chanock C. M., Lai C.-J. 1996; Dengue type 4 virus mutants containing deletions in the 3′ noncoding region of the RNA genome: analysis of growth restriction in cell culture and altered viremia pattern and immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 70:3930–3937
    [Google Scholar]
24. Ng, Cherney M. M., López Vázquez A., Machín Á., Martín Alonso J. M., Parra F., James M. N. G. 2002; Crystal structures of active and inactive conformations of a caliciviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 277:1381–1387 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. Tao Y., Farsetta D. L., Nibert M. L., Harrison S. C. 2002; RNA synthesis in a cage – structural studies of reovirus polymerase λ 3. Cell 111:733–745 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
26. Tautz N., Meyers G., Stark R., Dubovi E. J., Thiel H.-J. 1996; Cytopathogenicity of a pestivirus correlates with a 27-nucleotide insertion. J Virol 70:7851–7858
    [Google Scholar]
27. Thiel H.-J., Plagemann P. G. W., Moennig V. 1996; Pestiviruses. In Fields Virology , 3rd edn. pp  1059–1073 Edited by Fields B. N., Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott–Raven;
    [Google Scholar]