The genome of the Choristoneura occidentalis granulovirus (ChocGV) isolated from the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, was sequenced completely. It was 104 710 bp long, with a 67.3 % A+T content and contained 116 potential open reading frames (ORFs) covering 88.4 % of the genome. Of these, 29 ORFs were conserved in all fully sequenced baculovirus genomes, 30 were GV-specific, 53 were present in some nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and/or GVs, three were common to ChocGV and Choristoneura fumiferana GV (ChfuGV) and one was so far unique. To date, ChocGV is the only GV identified that contains a homologue of the apoptosis inhibitor protein P35/P49, present in some group I NPVs. It is also the first GV without a Xestia c-nigrum GV ORF 26 homologue. Five homologous regions (hrs)/repeat regions, lacking typical NPV hr palindromes were identified. ChocGV hrs were similar to each other but not to other GV hrs. A 1.8 kb repeat region with a high A+T content (81 %) and multiple repeats of 21–210 bp was found between choc36 and 37. This area resembled the non-homologous region origin of DNA replication (non-hr ori) identified in Cryptophlebia leucotreta GV (CrleGV) and Cydia pomonella GV (CpGV). Based on the mean amino acid identities of homologous proteins, ChocGV was closest to fully sequenced genomes CpGV (52.3 %) and CrleGV (52.1 %). The closest amino acid identity was to individual ORFs from the partially sequenced ChfuGV genome (97.2 % in 38 ORFs). Phylogenetic analysis placed ChocGV in a clade with CrleGV and CpGV.
AfonsoC. L.,
TulmanE. R.,
LuZ.,
BalinskyC. A.,
MoserB. A.,
BecnelJ. J.,
RockD. L.,
KutishG. F.2001; Genome sequence of a baculovirus pathogenic for Culex nigripalpus
. J Virol 75:11157–11165[CrossRef]
ArifB. M.,
ZhangG.-Y.,
JamiesonP.1986; A comparison of three granulosis viruses isolated from Choristoneura spp
. J Invertebr Pathol 48:180–186[CrossRef]
AyresM. D.,
HowardS. C.,
KuzioJ.,
Lopez-FerberM.,
PosseeR. D.1994; The complete DNA sequence of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology 202:586–605[CrossRef]
BandoH.,
HayakawaT.,
AsanoS.,
SaharaK.,
NakagakiM.,
IizukaT.1995; Analysis of the genetic information of a DNA segment of a new virus from silkworm. Arch Virol 140:1147–1155[CrossRef]
BarrettJ. W.,
KrellP. J.,
ArifB. M.1995; Characterization, sequencing and phylogeny of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase gene from two distinct nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from Choristoneura fumiferana
. J Gen Virol 76:2447–2456[CrossRef]
BawdenA. L.,
GlassbergK. J.,
DiggansJ.,
ShawR.,
FarmerieW.,
MoyerR. M.2000; Complete genomic sequencing of the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses. Virology 274:120–139[CrossRef]
BlissardG. W.,
BlackB.,
CrookN.,
KeddieB. A.,
PosseR.,
RohrmannG.,
TheilmannD.,
VolkmanL.2000; Baculoviridae
. In Virus Taxonomy; Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses pp 195–202 Edited by
van RegenmortelM. H. V.,
FauquetC. M.,
BishopD. H. L.,
CarstensE. B.,
EstesM. K.,
LemonS. M.,
ManiloffJ.,
MayoM. A.,
McGeochD. J.,
PringleC. R.,
WicknerR. B.
San Diego: Academic Press;
BulachD. M.,
KumarC. A.,
ZaiaA.,
LiangB.,
TribeD. E.1999; Group II nucleoployhedrovirus subgroups revealed by phylogenetic analysis of polyhedrin and DNA polymerase gene sequences. J Invertebr Pathol 73:59–73[CrossRef]
ChenX.,
IJkelW. F. J.,
TarchiniR.& 8 other authors2001; The sequence of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol 82:241–257
ChenX.,
ZhangW. J.,
WongJ.& 9 other authors2002; Comparative analysis of the complete genome sequences of Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedroviruses. J Gen Virol 83:673–684
DasS.,
MaitraU.2000; Mutational analysis of mammalian translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5): role of interaction between the β subunit of eIF2 and eIF5 in eIF5 function in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 20:3942–3950[CrossRef]
de JongJ. G.,
LauzonH. A. M.,
DominyC.,
PoloumienkoA.,
CarstensE.,
ArifB. M.,
KrellP. J.2005; Analysis of the Choristoneura fumiferana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol 86:929–943[CrossRef]
DuQ.,
LehaviD.,
FaktorO.,
QiY.,
ChejanovskyN.1999; Isolation of an apoptosis suppressor gene of the Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 73:1278–1285
EwingB.,
HillierL.,
WendlM. C.,
GreenP.1998; Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using Phred. I. Accuracy assessment. Genome Res 8:175–185[CrossRef]
FaulknerP.,
KuzioJ.,
WilliamsG. V.,
WildonJ. A.1997; Analysis of p74 , a PDV envelope protein of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus required for occlusion body infectivity in vivo
. J Gen Virol 78:3091–3100
FellinD. G.,
DeweyJ. E.1999; Western Spruce Budworm. Forest insect and disease leaflet 53 . USDA forest service.
GaasterlandT.,
SensenC. W.1996; Fully automated genome analysis that reflects user needs and preferences. A detailed introduction to the magpie system architecture. Biochimie 78:302–310[CrossRef]
Garcia-MaruniakA.,
MaruniakJ. E.,
ZanottoP. M. A.,
DoumbouyaA. E.,
LiuJ. C.,
MerrittT. M.,
LanoieJ. S.2004; Sequence analysis of the genome of the Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 78:7036–7051[CrossRef]
GasteigerE.,
GattikerA.,
HooglandC.,
IvanyiI.,
AppelR. D.,
BairochA.2003; ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 31:3784–3788[CrossRef]
HarrisonR. L.,
BonningB. C.2003; Comparative analysis of the genomes of Rachiplusia ou and Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 84:1827–1842[CrossRef]
HawtinR. E.,
ZarkowskaT.,
ArnoldK.,
ThomasC. J.,
GoodayG. W.,
KingL. A.,
KuzioJ. A.,
PosseeR. D.1997; Liquefaction of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected insects is dependent on the integrity of virus-encoded chitinase and cathepsin genes. Virology 238:243–253[CrossRef]
HeldensJ. G. M.,
BroerR.,
ZuidemaD.,
GoldbachR. W.,
VlakJ. M.1997; Identification and functional analysis of a non- hr origin of DNA replication in the genome of Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 78:1497–1506
HerniouE. A.,
LuqueT.,
ChenX.,
VlakJ. M.,
WinstanleyD.,
CoryJ. S.,
O'ReillyD. R.2001; Use of whole genome sequence data to infer baculovirus phylogeny. J Virol 75:8117–8126[CrossRef]
HuZ. H.,
ArifB. M.,
JinF.,
MartensJ. W. M.,
ChenX. W.,
SunJ. S.,
ZuidemaD. G.,
GoldbachR. W.,
VlakJ. M.1998; Distinct gene arrangement in the Buzura suppressaria single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol 79:2841–2851
HuangJ.,
LevinD. B.1999; Identification and functional analysis of a putative non- hr origin of DNA replication from Spodoptera littoralis type B multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 80:2263–2274
HuloN.,
SigristC. J.,
Le SauxV.,
Langendijk-GenevauxP. S.,
BordoliL.,
GattikerA.,
De CastroE.,
BucherP.,
BairochA.2004; Recent improvements to the prosite database. Nucleic Acids Res 32:D134–D137[CrossRef]
HyinkO.,
DellowR. A.,
OlsenM. J.,
Caradoc-DaviesK. M. B.,
DrakeK.,
HerniouE. A.,
CoryJ. S. O'Reilly D. R.,
WardV. K.2002; Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 83:957–971
IJkelW. F. J.,
van StrienE. A.,
HeldensJ. G. M.,
BroerR.,
ZuidemaD.,
GoldbachR. W.,
VlakJ. M.1999; Sequence and organization of the Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol 80:3289–3304
JehleJ. A.2002; The expansion of a hypervariable, non- hr ori -like region in the genome of Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus provides in vivo evidence for the utilization of baculovirus non- hr oris during replication. J Gen Virol 83:2025–2034
KikhnoI.,
GutierrezS.,
CroizierL.,
CroizierG.,
FerberM. L.2002; Characterization of pif , a gene required for the per os infectivity of Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 83:3013–3022
KoolM.,
GoldbachR. W.,
VlakJ. M.1994; A putative non- hr origin of DNA replication in the Hin dIII-K fragment of Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol 75:3345–3352[CrossRef]
KuzioJ.,
PearsonM. N.,
HarwoodS. H.,
FunkC. J.,
EvansJ. T.,
SlavicekJ. M.,
RohrmannG. F.1999; Sequence and analysis of the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Lymantria dispar
. Virology 253:17–34[CrossRef]
LandschulzW. H.,
JohnsonP. F.,
McKnightS. L.1988; The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240:1759–1764[CrossRef]
LauzonH. A. M.,
LucarottiC. J.,
KrellP. J.,
FengQ.,
RetnakaranA.,
ArifB. M.2004; Sequence and organization of the Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Virol 78:7023–7035[CrossRef]
LauzonH. A. M.,
JamiesonP. B.,
KrellP. J.,
ArifB. M.2005; Gene organization and sequencing of the Choristoneura fumiferana defective nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol 86:945–961[CrossRef]
LiL.,
DonlyC.,
LiQ.,
WillisL. G.,
KeddieB. A.,
ErlandsonM. A.,
TheilmannD. A.2002a; Identification and genomic analysis of a second species of nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated from Mamestra configurata
. Virology 297:226–244[CrossRef]
LiQ.,
DonlyC.,
LiL.,
WillisL. G.,
TheilmannD. A.,
ErlandsonM.2002b; Sequence and organization of the Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Virology 294:106–121[CrossRef]
MulderN. J.,
ApweilerR.,
AttwoodT. K.& 34 other authors2003; The InterPro Database, 2003 brings increased coverage and new features. Nucleic Acids Res 31:315–318[CrossRef]
NakaiM.,
GotoC.,
KangW.,
ShikataM.,
LuqueT.,
KunimiY.2003; Genome sequence and organization of a nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated from the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai
. Virology 316:171–183[CrossRef]
PearsonM. N.,
BjornsonR. M.,
AhrensC.,
RohrmannG. F.1993; Identification and characterization of a putative origin of DNA replication in the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata
. Virology 197:715–725[CrossRef]
PeiZ.,
ReskeG.,
HuangQ.,
HammockB. D.,
QiY.,
ChejanovskyN.2002; Characterization of the apoptosis suppressor protein P49 from the Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Biol Chem 277:48677–48684[CrossRef]
PijlmanG. P.,
PruijssersA. J. P.,
VlakJ. M.2003; Identification of pif-2 , a third conserved baculovirus gene required for per-os infection of insects. J Gen Virol 84:2041–2049[CrossRef]
RashidanK. K.,
NassouryN.,
GiannopoulosP. N.,
MauffetteY.,
GuertinC.2004a; Identification, characterization, and phylogenic analysis of conserved genes within odvp-6e/odv-e56 gene region of Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus. J Biochem Mol Biol 37:206–212[CrossRef]
RashidanK. K.,
NassouryN.,
GiannopoulosP. N.,
MauffetteY.,
GuertinC.2004b; Identification, characterization and phylogenic analysis of conserved genes within the p74 gene region of Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus genome. J Biochem Mol Biol 37:700–708[CrossRef]
RueppS.,
KurathU.,
RenggliC. K.,
DrunR.,
RoditiI.1999; Glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein from Trypanosoma congolense is the functional equivalent of ‘EP’ procyclin from Trypanosoma brucei
. Mol Biochem Parasitol 98:151–156[CrossRef]
SchultzJ.,
MilpetzF.,
BorkP.,
PontingC. P.1998; smart, a simple modular architecture research tool: identification of signaling domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:5857–5864[CrossRef]
SlackJ. M.,
KuzioJ.,
FaulknerP.1995; Characterization of v-cath , a cathepsin L-like proteinase expressed by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol 76:1091–1098[CrossRef]
ThompsonJ. D.,
HigginsD. G.,
GibsonT. J.1994; clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680[CrossRef]
WheelerD. L.,
ChurchD. M.,
FederhenS.& 8 other authors2003; Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology. Nucleic Acids Res 31:28–33[CrossRef]
WilliamsG. V.,
RohelD. Z.,
KuzioJ.,
FaulknerP.1989; A cytopathological investigation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene function using insertion/deletion mutants. J Gen Virol 70:187–202[CrossRef]
ZanottoP. M. A.,
KessingB. D.,
MaruniakJ. E.1993; Phylogenetic interrelationships among baculoviruses: evolutionary rates and host associations. J Invertebr Pathol 62:147–164[CrossRef]
ZhangC. X.,
MaX. C.,
GuoZ. J.2005; Comparison of the complete genome sequence between C1 and G4 isolates of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virology 333:190–199[CrossRef]